Chapter 27:  Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

Define:

General & Clinical Terms	Meiosis	Penis
gonad ducts (reproductive system) accessory sex glands urology gynecology obstetrics Pap smear colposcopy hysterectomy episiotomy mammogram STD = sexually transmitted disease infertility amenorrhea dysmenorrhea premenstrual syndrome (PMS) endometriosis fibrocystic breast disease cervical dysplasia pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)	meiosis primordial germ cells gametes zygote haploid diploid homologous chromosomes = homologues autosomes sex chromosomes X chromosome Y chromosome	penis corpora cavernosa penis corpus spongiosum penis  glans penis prepuce  = foreskin erectile tissue erection ejaculation emission circumcision

 

Testes	Seminiferous Tubules	Spermatogenesis
scrotum inguinal canal dartos cremaster testes  = testicles tunica vaginalis tunica albuginea lobules inguinal hernia cryptorchidism	seminiferous tubules spermatogenesis spermatogenic cells = spermatogonia sperm cell = spermatozoon sustentacular cells = Sertoli Cells blood testis barrier interstitial endocrinocytes = Leydig cells = interstitial cells of Leydig	spermatogenesis spermiogenesis spermiation primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatid (sperm) head acrosome (sperm) midpiece (sperm) tail flagellum

 

Male Duct System I	Male Duct System II	Reproductive Hormones
straight tubules rete testis efferent ducts epididymis ductus deferens = vas deferens spermatic cord ejaculatory ducts vasectomy	urethra prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral gland = Cowper's glands semen = seminal fluid seminalplasmin	gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) testosterone androgens anabolic steroids estrogens progesterone relaxin inhibin prolactin oxytocin (OT) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) prostaglandins

 

Ovarian Anatomy	Ovarian Follicles	Uterine Anatomy
ovary broad ligament mesovarium ovarian ligament suspensory ligament hilus (ovary) germinal epithelium stroma (ovary)  cortex (ovary) medulla (ovary)	ovarian follicles follicular cells granulosa cells oogenesis oogonia atresia primordial follicle primary follicle primary oocytes zona pellucida corona radiata antrum secondary follicle secondary oocyte mature follicle = vesicular follicle = Graafian follicle polar body ovum ovulation corpus luteum corpus albicans	uterine tubes = oviducts infundibulum fimbriae ampulla uterus fundus body isthmus cervix cervical mucus serosa perimetrium muscularis myometrium mucosa endometrium endometrial glands stratum functionalis stratum basalis

 

Vaginal Anatomy	Female External Genitalia	Mammary Glands
vagina fornix rugae adventitia vaginal orifice hymen imperforate hymen	vulva = pudendum mons pubis labia majora labia minora clitoris prepuce clitoris glans clitoridis vestibule external urethral orifice paraurethral glands greater vestibular glands perineum urogenital triangle anal triangle	mammary glands nipple areola lactiferous ducts alveoli lactiferous sinus lactation milk ejection reflex milk letdown

 

Female Reproductive Cycles	Sexual Intercourse & Conception	Contraception
female reproductive cycle ovarian cycle preovulatory phase follicular phase postovulatory phase luteal phase uterine cycle menstrual cycle menstrual phase proliferative phase secretory phase menstruation menses	sexual intercourse = coitus arousal vasocongestion orgasm = climax plateau refractory period resolution erection lubrication transudation donor insemination fertilization zygote morula blastocyst trophoblast membrane	conception contraception sterilization tubal ligation oral contraceptives intrauterine device (IUD) condom vaginal pouch = female condom diaphragm = cervical cap rhythm method sympto-thermal method induced abortion RU 486 (mifepristone)

List:

 1. the anatomical structures a spermatozoan must traverse starting with its development and ending with its fertilization of an oocyte. Include the processes it must undergo and the glandular secretions that are added to the spermatozoa on the way.
 2. the various methods of birth control and explain their physiological basis.
 3. the various sexually transmitted diseases = STDs ("venereal diseases") and the causative agent of each.
 4. four male reproductive system disorders.
 5. four female reproductive system disorders and four female menstrual disorders.
 6.  the organs and the functions of each organ in the male reproductive system.
 7.  the organs and the functions of each organ in the female reproductive system. 
 8.  the male secondary sexual characteristics.
 9.  the female secondary sexual characteristics. 
 10.  the composition of the fluid from the seminal vesicles.
 11.  the composition of the fluid from the prostate gland.
 12.  the composition of the fluid from the male bulbourethral glands.
 13.  the risks for breast cancer.

Sketch and label:

1. mitotic cell division.
2. meiotic cell division. 
3.  a sperm cell = spermatozoan.
4. compare and contrast mitotic cell division to meiotic cell division.
5. a diagram chart illustrating the hormonal regulation of male reproductive physiology.
6. a cross section of the testis. Include the various cell types and their role in male reproduction.
7. a cross-section of the seminiferous tubule illustrating the stages of spermatogenesis.
8. a diagram or chart illustrating the regulation of female reproductive physiology. You may use more than one chart to illustrate the changes in feedback mechanisms that occur during the reproductive cycle.
9. the structure of the penis and scrotum. Identify the functions of each part.
10. a cross section of the ovary including the various stages of the ovarian cycle. Indicate the stages of meiosis corresponding to the follicular stages.
11. a longitudinal section of the vagina. List the functions of each part.
12. a cross-section of the breast. List the function of each part.
13. a diagram of the female reproductive cycle.
14.  a diagram or chart illustrating the hormonal regulation of the female menstrual cycle.
15.  a diagram or chart illustrating the histological changes and naming the phases in the female uterine cycle.
16.  a longitudinal section of the uterus.  List the functions of each part.

Describe:

1. the gross and histological structure of the uterine tube. List their functions.
2. the gross and histological regions of the uterus. List their functions.
3. the male and female sexual response.
4. the similarities and differences between the embryonic development of the male and female reproductive systems and genitalia.

Chapter 28: Pregnancy and Human Development

Define:

Fertilization	Early Development	Embryonic Development & Birth
pregnancy = gestation fertilization acrosome acrosomal reaction cortical reaction capacitation corona radiata zona pellucida syngamy polyspermy pronucleus zygote dizygotic twins monozygotic twins conjoined twins in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryo transfer = embryo transplant gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)	developmental anatomy blastocyst trophoblast inner cell mass = embryoblast blastocoele implantation syncytiotrophoblast cytotrophoblast hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin morula placenta amnion allantois chorion amniotic fluid	embryonic period embryo fetal period embryology fetus primary germ layers gastrulation amniotic cavity ectoderm endoderm mesoderm primitive gut = archenteron umbilical cord relaxin oxytocin (OT) prostaglandins dilation expulsion

Sketch and label:

1. the structure of the embryo at implantation.
2. the primary germ layers and embryonic membranes in a 16 day embryo.

List:

1. the body tissues derived from each of the primary germ layers.
2. the three major extraembryonic membranes and their roles in the formation of the placenta and umbilical cord.

Describe:

1. the structure of the placenta.
2. the neuroendocrine regulation of labor.
3. the three stages of labor.
4. some internal anatomical and physiological adjustments of the infant's physiology at birth and immediately thereafter.
5. the differences between the fetal and adult blood circulations.

Last updated on May 16, 2005.