Exam 5 Review:  Chapter 27 General & Clinical Terms

gonad - The reproductive organ which produces gametes and steroid sex hormones; the testis, within the scrotal sac, in males and the ovary, within the pelvic cavity, in females.

ducts (reproductive system) - The reproductive organs which transfer gametes from the gonads as a part of the process of fertilization; the seminiferous tubules, epididymus, vas/ductus deferens and the urethra (prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra) in males and the oviducts, (uterus), and vaginal canal in females.

accessory sex glands - The glandular reproductive organs which produce secretions necessary for the development and nourishment of gametes (and, in females, the offspring) or contribute to the process of coitus to achieve fertilization; the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands in males and the uterine glands, paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands, and mammary glands, in females.

urology - The branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract and urogenital system.

gynecology - The branch of medicine dealing with health care for women, especially the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the female reproductive organs.

obstetrics - The branch of medicine which deals with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the recovery period following delivery.

Pap smear - A test for cancer, especially of the female genital tract, in which a a sample of secretions and superficial cells of the uterine cervix and uterus is taken by scraping and a smear of the exfoliated cells is specially stained and examined under a microscope for pathological changes. aka --  Pap test.  [Note:  Named after George Papanicolaou (1883-1962), the American anatomist who developed the technique.]

colposcopy - The direct medical examination of the vaginal and cervical epithelia by means of a colposcope (a magnifying and photographic device) to detect abnormalities.

hysterectomy - The surgical removal of part or all of the uterus, performed either through the abdominal wall or through the vagina.

episiotomy - The surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the perineum and vagina during childbirth to enlarge the birth canal safely to facilitate delivery, prevent uncontrolled traumatic tearing of the vaginal opening, and to ensure rapid, safe healing of the incision site.

mammogram - A special imaging examination of the soft tissue of the breast using x-rays to detect breast cancer early when lumps are less than 2 cm or smaller in size (most lumps are not felt by hand when less than 1 cm in diameter); currently it is recommended as a routine screen for women over 40 years of age.

STD = sexually transmitted disease - Any of various diseases, e.g., chancroid, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, genital warts and AIDS which are usually contracted through sexual intercourse or other intimate sexual contact.

infertility - The persistent inability to conceive or produce a child; in a woman it is an inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term; in a man it is an inability to impregnate; generally, the term is applied after the duration of one year of unprotected intercourse on the part of the couple in question.  [Also see The National Women's Health Information Center.]

amenorrhea - Abnormal suppression, absence or discontinuation of menstruation, i.e., normal menstrual flow; there are many causes including dramatic weight loss, malnutrition, extreme obesity, chronic illnesses, endocrine disorders, developmental defects, pregnancy and menopause. aka -  menostasis.

dysmenorrhea - A condition marked by difficult and painful menstruation; symptoms include cyclic pain, cramps, headaches, nausea and vomiting, sweating, lethargy, urinary frequency, bloating, irritability, nervousness, or depression; the common cause is an excess production of local prostaglandins, but pelvic infections, endometriosis, benign tumors of the uterus, or use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) may also be the cause. aka menorrhalgia.

premenstrual syndrome (PMS) - A varied group of physical and psychological symptoms, including abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, headache, edema, abdominal pain, fatigue, emotional instability, irritability, anxiety, and depression, that occur from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation and cease shortly after menses begins.  aka - premenstrual tension (PMT).

endometriosis - A condition, usually resulting in moderate to severe pain and dysmenorrhea, characterized by the abnormal presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus, frequently as cysts containing altered blood, in various locations within the abdominopelvic cavity; it may cause infertility.

fibrocystic breast disease - A common benign condition characterized by cyclic breast pain, tenderness, lumps, and nipple discharge; symptoms peak just before each menstrual period, and improve immediately after the menstrual period.

cervical dysplasia - The abnormal growth of the epithelial tissue on the surface of the cervix; it refers to a spectrum or continuum of changes specified as: CIN I -- mild dysplasia; CIN II -- moderate to marked dysplasia; and CIN III -- severe dysplasia to carcinoma-in-situ (cancer localized to the intraepithelial tissue/superficial layer of the cervix); these changes are identified from cells sampled by the Pap smear technique.

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - Inflammation of the female genital tract, especially of the uterine tubes, caused by any of several microorganisms transmitted during sexual intercourse, surgery, abortion, or parturition, chiefly chlamydia and gonococci, and characterized by severe abdominal pain, high fever, abnormal foul-smelling vaginal discharge, and in some cases destruction of tissue that can result in sterility.

List:

 3. the various sexually transmitted diseases = STDs ("venereal diseases")  and the causative agent of each.

Sexually Transmitted Disease = STD	Causative Agent
gonorrhea	Neisseria gonorrhea
syphilis	Treponema pallidum
chlamydia	Chlamydia trachomatis
genital warts	human papillomavirus = HPV
genital herpes	herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr virus, and some other viruses
acquired autoimmune deficiency syndrome = AIDS	human immunodeficiency virus = HIV

 4. four male reproductive system disorders.

          testicular and prostate cancers
          cryptorchidism (failure of testes to descend)
          infertility
          prostatitis
          adrenogenital syndrome
        
 5. four female reproductive system disorders and four female menstrual disorders.

Female Reproductive System Disorder	Female Menstrual Disorder
pelvic inflammatory disease = PID	amenorrhea
cancers of the breast, ovary and uterus	dysmenorrhea
prolapse of the uterus	premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
infertility	endometriosis

 8.  the male secondary sexual characteristics.

          character and distribution pattern of pubic, trunk, axillary, and facial hair
          enlargement of the larynx which deepens the voice
          thickening of the skin and increased oil (sebum) production
          increased bone growth and bone density
          increased skeletal muscle growth and skeletal muscle mass

 9.  the female secondary sexual characteristics. 

          character and distribution pattern of pubic, trunk, axillary, and facial hair
          growth of the breasts
          increased deposition of subcutaneous adipose tissue
          widening and lightening of the pelvis (adaptations for childbirth)
          metabolics effects:  relatively lowered cholesterol (total ¯ while HDL­) and improved calcium absorption

Describe:

4. the similarities and differences between the embryonic development of the male and female reproductive systems and genitalia.  [For a more detailed description, see Embryonic Development of the Reproductive System.

1.  Genetic sex is determined by the sex chromosomes:  an X from the mother, and X or a Y from the father.  If the fertilized egg contains XX, it is a female and develops ovaries; if it contains XY, it is a male and develops testes.

2.  Gonads of both sexes arise from the mesodermal gonadal ridges.  The mesonephric ducts produce the male accessory ducts and glands.  The paramesonephric ducts produce the female duct system.

3.  The external genetalia arise from the genital tubercle and associated structures.  The development of male accessory structures and external genetalia depends of the presence of testosterone produced by the embryonic testes.  In its absence, female structures develop.

4.  The testes form in the abdominal cavity and descend into the scrotum.

Similarities

Differences

(1)  The first sign of development of reproductive organs (male or female) occurs during the fifth week with the formation of the gonadal ridge. (2)  By the sixth week, narrow tissue masses called primary sex cords form within the enlarging gonadal ridge. (3)  Each gonad develops near a mesonephric duct and a paramesonephric duct. (4)  By the sixth week, a swelling called the genital tubercle is apparent in the groin of the embryo. The mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts open to the outside through the genital tubercle. (5)  The genital tubercle consists of a glans, a urethral groove, paired urethral folds, and paired labioscrotal swellings. As the glans portion of the genital tubercle enlarges, it becomes known as the phallus. 6)  Early in fetal development (the tenth thought the twelfth week), sexual distinction of the external genitalia becomes apparent.

(1)   The primary sex cords in the male will eventually mature to become the sperm-nurturing seminiferous tubules. In the female, the primary sex cords will contribute to nurturing tissue of developing ova. (2♂)  In the male embryo, each testis connects through a series of tubules to the mesonephric duct. During further development, the connecting tubules become the seminiferous tubules, and the mesonephric duct becomes the efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the seminal vesicle. The paramesonephric duct in the male degenerates without contributing any functional structures to the reproductive system. (2♀)  In the female embryo, the mesonephric duct degenerates, and the paramesonephric duct contributes greatly to structure of the female reproductive system. The distal ends of the paired paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the vagina and uterus. The proximal unfused portions become the uterine tubes. (3♂)  In the male, the phallus enlarges and develops into the glans of the penis. The urethral folds fuse around the urethra and become the erectile tissue that forms the body of the penis. The labioscrotal swellings fuse to form the scrotum, into which the testes will descend.  Later the testes descend into the scrotum. (3♀)  In the female, the phallus gives rise to the clitoris, the urethral folds remain separated as the labia minora, and the urethral groove is retained as a longitudinal cleft known as the vestibule.