Exam 3 Review:  Chapter 21:  Inflammation & Phagocytosis

inflammation - The body’s first response to any tissue irritation, injury, or infection; a localized protective reaction involving increased capillary blood flow and capillary permeability, triggered by histamine release from tissue mast cells, and characterized by pain, heat, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function.

vasodilation - Any increase in the diameter of blood vessels due to the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the vessel's walls; usually regulated by the autonomic NS and certain hormones.

semipermeability - The property of biological membranes which allows passage of some substances through the membrane while restricting the passage of other substances.

fever - A rise in the temperature of the body above the normal range; frequently a symptom of infection; stimulated by various chemicals, some of which are present in microorganisms (exogenous pyrogens) while others are internal local hormones released by immune system cells (endogenous pyrogens).

phagocytosis - The process of engulfing and ingesting microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans) or other foreign bodies or the cellular debris formed after any injury or tissue necrosis by cells specialized for this function; the phagocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages of various sorts; the process involves diapedesis (amoeboid movement), pseudopod formation, and endocytosis to form an internal membrane bound organelle, the phagosome, where the engulfed organisms or substances can be chemically attacked.

adherence - The property of sticking together; a variety of cells, including microbial pathogens and leukocytes and phagocytes have special cell membrane surface components specialized to facilitate their sticking to a surface; opsonins (e.g., antibodies and certain components of the complement system) are molecules which can adhere to cell surfaces to facilitate phagocytosis.

pus - A generally viscous, yellowish-white (to brown or green) opaque creamy fluid formed in infected tissue, consisting of living and dead microorganisims, living and dead white blood cells, cellular debris, and necrotic tissue.

List:

9.  The five signs of inflammation.

          heat - redness - swelling - pain - (usually some) loss of function

Describe:

1. The process of inflammation.

In brief:  (1) injury (2) release of chemical regulators (3) histamine stimulates vasodilation and increased capillary permeability which cause increased blood flow to the area (4) chemotaxis of phagocytic leukocytes to the area of injury (5) possible fibrin clot formation (6) heat, redness, swelling, pain and (usually some) loss of function occur in the area (7) debris cleared by phagocytes (8) parenchymal repair or scar tissue formation begins.