Biol 2010 - Anatomy & Physiology - Dr. Thompson

Sample Old EXAM 2 - Chapters 4-7   -  September 24, 2002

Note:  Since 2003, Exam 2 has covered Chapters 5-8.

A. Define the following terms. A good definition is complete and clarifies the term so that the reader knows what the term stands for and what the term does not represent. You may give an example, but giving an example by itself is not a definition.  For most A&P terms, a proper definition indicates something about the location, composition, and function(s) of a structure or process, and possibly something about how it is produced or regulated. (2 pts. each) (32 pts.)

B. Definitions "Jeopardy" style. Below are definitions. Write in the correct term being described by each definition.
(1 pt. each) (24 pts.)

2. The major structural protein fiber found in most connective tissues. It provides strength. Under the microscope it often appears as large wavy masses of fibers than stain pink in typical preparations.

3. Specialized connective tissue cells which store triglycerides in a large central vacuole which occupies the majority of the volume of each cell.

4. Finger-like projections of outer cell membrane, best seen under the electron microscope, but sometimes barely visible as a "brush border" on cells seen under the light microscope. These projections greatly increase the surface area of the cell membrane where they are present.

5. The name given to the space or chamber in which an osteocyte sits in bone tissue or a chondrocyte sits in cartilage.

6. The adjective used to describe the portion of a serosal membrane that lines a body cavity (as opposed to the portion of the membrane lining the outer surface of an organ within a body cavity).

7. In the skin, the outermost layer of the epidermis, comprised of dead flattened keratin filled cells.

8. The skin glands, usually found associated with hair follicles, which produce the oily secretion that softens and lubricates the hair and skin and assists in making the skin a barrier to water loss.

9. The term used to describe the dark bluish coloration of the skin of a person whose blood is not adequately oxygenated.

10. The term used to describe a yellow, amber, color found in the skin, and the sclera of the eyes. This abnormal coloration is due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, usually due to liver disease.

11. The specialized epidermal cells which secrete the main skin pigment, which gives the skin a tan, or brown, or black coloration.

12. The specialized sensory cell found occasionally in the stratum basale of epidermis, associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending, which functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

13. The connective tissue membrane lining marrow spaces and covering the trabeculae of spongy bone which contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

14. The general name given to any hole in a bone through which a blood vessel passes to deliver oxygenated blood and nutrients to the bone tissue within.

15. Any convex or rounded projection on a bone which is a joint surface for attachment of another bone at a moveable joint.

16. A thin layer of cartilage found within many growing bones; this layer is continually growing to permit growth of the bone along its long axis. When this layer is replaced by bone, no further growth of the bone along its long axis will occur.

17. The name of the process describing the changes that occur in the three-dimension structure of a growing bone; a process in which new bone is added in some regions of the bone while bone is reabsorbed in other regions so that the overall bone retains the correct functional shape as it increases in overall size.

18. The name given to the calcium phosphate salts which comprise the major mineral component in bone tissue.

19. The skull bone which includes portions called the spinous process, the zygomatic process, and the mastoid process.

20. The term given to the sockets for teeth in both upper and lower jaws.

21. The holes formed between adjacent vertebrae on their lateral surfaces through which spinal nerves can extend from the spinal cord to various regions of the body.

22. The space within the face, lined by parts of seven bones, which houses the eye and its associated structures.

23. An abnormal lateral (to the right or left) curvature of the spinal column.

24. Of the three main portions of the coxal or hip bone, the portion which articulates with the sacrum.

C. List five external signs of inflammation. (5 pts.)

D. List the three specific types of muscle tissue. (3 pts.)

E. List five physiological functions for the skin. (5 pts.)

F. Describe the endocrine regulation of bone (calcium/phosphate) homeostasis. A labeled diagram may be useful. (8 pts.)

G. Sketch the histology of compact bone by diagramming a cross section of a typical osteon and labeling the parts. (6 pts.)

H. List the bones that make up the pectoral limb and girdle. (8 pts.)

(91 pts.)