Biol 2010 - Anatomy & Physiology - Dr. Thompson

Sample Old EXAM 1 - Chapters 1-3   -  September 12, 2002

Note:  Since 2003, Exam 1 has covered Chapters 1-4.

A. Define the following terms. A good definition is complete and clarifies the term so that the reader knows what the term stands for and what the term does not represent. You may give an example, but giving an example by itself is not a definition.  For most A&P terms, a proper definition indicates something about the location, composition, and function(s) of a structure or process, and possibly something about how it is produced or regulated. See examples of definitions in part B. (2 pts. each) (44 pts.)

B. Definitions "Jeopardy" style. Below are definitions. Write in the correct term being described by each definition.
(1 pt. each) (22 pts.)

1. The ability of a cell, tissue, organ or organism to detect and respond to changes in the (internal or external) environment; the ability to respond to a stimulus.

2. The human body placed or arranged so that it is standing erect, facing the observer, feet flat on floor, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

3. The physiological process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs into individual molecules which can be absorbed into the blood for use by the organism.

4. A non-invasive medical imaging technique which uses radiowaves and magnetic fields to produce a two or three dimensional map of cellular chemistry by detecting the orientation of water molecules in the tissues of the body.

5. A response or control mechanism which responds to a change in the internal environment with actions which restore the original dynamic equilibrium state. For example, producing sweat to cool an overheated body.

6. An anatomical plane which divides the human body into superior and inferior sections.

7. An anatomical term pertaining to the arm.

8. Energy of motion; example: water rushing through a turbine to generate electricity.

9. The dense central core of an atom which contains the protons and neutrons.

10. The number which identifies a particular element by giving the number of protons.

11. A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more atoms (of the same or different elements).

12. A substance which carries an electrochemical charge because its structure has unequal numbers of electrons and protons.

13. A strong attraction between atoms because they are sharing one or more outer shell valence electrons. Much chemical energy is required to create this sharing and much energy will be released if it is broken.

14. A substance which dissolves in water to release H⁺ ions, and some corresponding negative ions; a proton donor in chemical reactions.

15. Amphipathic molecules found in cellular membranes which consist of a glycerol, two non-polar fatty acid side chains and a third polar side chain that contains a phosphate ion among other components.

16. A substance which resists change in the pH of the solution of which it is a part.

17. The bonding relationships between distant amino acids which determine the larger three-dimensional bending and folding of the protein into its complex functional shape; one of the levels of the hierarchy of protein structure.

18. The collection of various cytoplasmic protein fibers which give shape to the cell and may contribute to the movement of the cell or the movement of components of the cell within the cytoplasm.

19. A substance which assists in the passage of specific substances across a cell membrane by changing shape or orientation in the membrane.

20. The property of biological membranes which allows passage of some substances through the membrane while restricting the passage of other substances.

21. A cell organelle with membranous channels (cisternae) of various shapes which are continuous with both the nuclear envelope and the Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes which are attached to the cytoplasmic face of the channels synthesize proteins for export from the cell.

22. The second major process in protein synthesis, where genetic information from a nuclear gene is actually transformed into a polypeptide chain at the ribosome.

C. Sketch and label the parts of a cell in Anaphase of mitosis. (5 pts.)

D. Fill in the blanks using correct anatomical position and other anatomical terminology.  (6 pts.)

The stomach is an organ of the                        system. The stomach is located in the                         cavity. The stomach is connected to the esophagus which is situated                        to the stomach. The stomach empties into the small intestine. The small intestines are located in the same body cavity and the small intestines are located                        to the kidneys. The exterior of the stomach is covered by a                        membrane which produces a watery lubricating fluid. This external membrane is a part of the larger                       peritoneum which lines all the organs in this body cavity.

E. List three major functions for lipid molecules in the body. (3 pts.)

F. Diagram The Fluid Mosaic Model of cellular membrane structure at the molecular and label all the different component parts. (10 pts.)

(90 pts.)