Study Guide for Exam 5 (Final Exam): The Autonomic Nervous System and The Endocrine System  -- Chapters 14 & 16

Chapter 14. The Autonomic Nervous System

Define

Compare and contrast:

1.  the somatic nervous system to the autonomic nervous system.

2. the physiological effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.  Use specific examples.

3. how an autonomic reflex differs from a somatic reflex.

Sketch and label :

1. the basic components of an autonomic motor pathway. Describe the functions of each component.

List  and describe:

1. the autonomic ganglia.

2. the ways in which a preganglionic sympathetic neuron may synapse with a postganglionic sympathetic neuron.

3. the neurons of the autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters they release.

4. three examples of visceral organs/tissues innervated by the ANS that receive no parasympathetic innervation and one example of an organ innervated by the ANS that receives no sympathetic innervation.

5. for each organ or system below, the general response of the organ or system to both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation:

     a.  pupil of the eye
     b.  heart
     c.  bronchial smooth muscle in the lungs
     d.  stomach and intestines
     e.  liver
     f.  kidney
     g.  urinary bladder
     h.  adrenal medulla
     i.   sweat glands
     j.  blood vessels supplying skeletal muscle
     k.  blood vessels supplying abdominal organs

Construct a table:

1. describing the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system. For each neurotransmitter list the type of receptor it binds, and the possible effect (stimulatory versus inhibitory)

Chapter 16. The Endocrine System

Please remember, when giving or using the name of a hormone on Exam 5, write out the full name of the hormone for full credit.  If you only use the acronym, without identifying what the letters stand for, you will only receive partial credit.  For example, if you are referring to ADH, write out antidiuretic hormone.

Define

 

Hypothalamus	Pituitary Gland = Hypophysis	Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands
hypothalamus infundibulum hypothalamic releasing hormones = hypothalamic releasing factors hypothalamic inhibiting hormones = hypothalamic inhibitory factors tropins = tropic hormones GHRH GHIH = somatostatin TRH GnRH PRH PIH CRH hypophyseal portal veins hypothalamic portal system	pituitary gland = hypophysis anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis somatotrophs thyrotrophs gonadotrophs lactotrophs corticotrophs human growth hormone (hGH) = somatotropin somatotropic hormones thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) prolactin (PRL) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) lactation dopamine oxytocin (OT) neuroendocrine reflex milk ejection reflex antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = vasopressin osmoreceptors	thyroid gland thyroid follicles thyroid colloid = thyroglobulin thyroid hormone thyroxine = tetraiodothyronine = T4 triiodothyronine = T3 iodine calorigenic effect parafollicular cell = C cell calcitonin = thyrocalcitonin   parathyroid hormone = parathormone = PTH vitamin D vitamin D3 = calcitriol

 

Pituitary & Thyroid Pathology	The Adrenal Glands	The Pancreas & Diabetes Mellitus
pituitary dwarfism pituitary gigantism acromegaly diabetes insipidus cretinism myxedema Grave's Disease exophthalmos goiter	adrenal cortex mineralocorticoids aldosterone aldosteronism glucocorticoids cortisol protein catabolism gluconeogenesis lipolysis adrenal medulla sympathomimetic epinephrine = adrenalin norepinephrine atrial natriuretic peptide = ANP renin-angiotensin system angiotensinogen angiotensin I angiotensin II Addison's disease	pancreatic acini pancreatic islets = Islets of Langerhans acinar cells α cell β cell glucagon insulin glycogenolysis diabetes mellitus polyuria polydipsia polyphagia insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ["juvenile diabetes"] = Type I diabetes mellitus ketoacidosis non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ["adult/maturity-onset"] = Type II diabetes mellitus gestational diabetes hyperinsulinism hypoglycemia insulin shock

 

The Ovaries	The Testes	Miscellaneous Endocrine Terms
ovaries estrogen progesterone inhibin relaxin	testes androgens testosterone	pineal gland melatonin thymus gland thymosin enteroendocrine cell erythropoietin stress response growth factors general adaptation syndrome alarm reaction resistance reaction exhaustion

If you are interested in diseases of the Endocrine Glands, here is a great web resource:  Karolinska Institutet University Library.

Here's a web resource with lots of useful diagrams that might serve as quick reminders.  It's a long web document, so you will have to scroll down quite a ways to explore it fully:   Department of Medical Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa.

Compare and Contrast:

1.  nervous system to endocrine system regulation of homeostasis.

2.  how lipid soluble hormones differ from water soluble hormones (in terms of accomplishing their effects).

3.  anterior pituitary hormones to posterior pituitary hormones.

List and Describe:

1.  the two main chemical categories of hormones (endocrines).

2.  three ways in which hormones interact.

3.  three examples of hormone released under (a) humoral control/autocontrol, (b) nervous system control, and (c) endocrine control.

4.  at least two examples of antagonistic hormone interactions.

5.  three fundamental ways in which hormone secretion is regulated.

6.  the hypothalamic hormones and describe their effects.

7.  the pituitary hormones and describe their effects.

8.  the five secretory cell types in the pituitary.

9.  the hypothalamic releasing hormones.

10. the hypothalamic inhibiting hormones.

11. the tropic/trophic hormones.

12. the hormone(s) secreted by each of the main endocrine glands, their targets and their effects.

16.  three examples of hormones which belong to each of the four
     chemical classes:  amine, peptide, protein, and steroid.
17.  three disease states caused by hyposecretion of a hormone.
18.  three disease states caused by hypersecretion of a hormone.
19.  the hormones which can act as insulin antagonists.
20.  the hormone(s) secreted by each of the main endocrine glands,
     the chemical class of each hormone, and the trigger(s) for each hormone's
    release.

Diagram:

1.  the antagonistic hormonal control of:
    a.  plasma glucose levels.
    b.  plasma calcium levels.
    c.  plasma sodium and potassium levels.
    [Note:  include hormone actions at specific target organs/tissues.]

Sketch and Label:

1.  the hypothalamus and pituitary glands.

2.  the thyroid gland at the cellular level.
3.  the action of a first messenger/second messenger
     system in controlling a target cell's response to
     hormone stimulation.
4.  the interaction of a steroid hormone, its cytoplasmic receptor,
     and subsequent gene activation.

5. the pancreas illustrating the distribution of its exocrine vs. endocrine tissues.

6. a negative feedback pathway for the regulation of:

       a.  Growth Hormone

       b.  Thyroid Hormones

       c.  ADH = vasopressin

       d.  Glucocorticoids

       e.  Testosterone

       f.   Estrogen

Construct a table:

listing the hormones secreted by each endocrine gland (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and so on). For each hormone indicate the target cells, action, and source of regulation.
 

Endocrine Gland	Hormone(s)	Target Cell(s)/Organ(s)	Action	Source of Regulation
Anterior Pituitary	human growth hormone (hGH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) prolactin (PRL) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)	(hGH) all body cells (TSH) thyroid follicular cells (FSH) ovary & ovarian follicles (LH) ovary & ovarian follicles   (PRL) mammary glands   (ACTH) adrenal cortex   (MSH) melanocytes	(hGH) growth, protein synthesis (TSH) stimulate T3 & T4 release (FSH) stimulate follicular growth and estrogen production (LH) stimulate ovulation and progesterone production (PRL) stimulate mammary gland growth and milk production (ACTH) stimulate adrenal cortical hormone production (MSH) little action in humans	hypothalamus which provides specific releasing hormones = hypothalamic releasing factors and  inhibiting hormones = hypothalamic inhibitory factors
Posterior Pituitary	oxytocin (OT) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = vasopressin	myometrium of uterus mammary ducts kidney tubules blood vessel smooth muscle	smooth muscle contractions for labor & delivery smooth muscle contractions & milk letdown conserve water from the urine increasing blood pressure vasoconstriction increasing blood pressure	hypothalamus
Thyroid	thyroxine = tetraiodothyronine = T4 triiodothyronine = T3 calcitonin = thyrocalcitonin	all body cells   osteoclasts	increase metabolic activity & thermogenesis especially by skeletal muscle inhibit osteoclastic activity which lowers blood calcium levels	Anterior Pituitary (TSH)   autoregulation by sensing calcium levels
Parathyroid	parathyroid hormone = parathormone (PTH)	osteoclasts   small intestine kidney tubules	stimulate osteoclastic activity which elevates blood calcium levels increase calcium absorption from a meal increase calcium absorption from the urine; add phosphate ions to the urine	autoregulation by sensing calcium levels
Adrenal Cortex	mineralocorticoids:  aldosterone   glucocorticoids: cortisol, etc.   gonadocorticoids:  estrogens, androgens	kidney tubules   most body cells immune cells ovary & testis and tissues of secondary sexual characteristics	increase sodium and H2O absorption from the urine; add potassium ions to the urine increasing blood glucose levels and fat catabolism various anti-inflammatory properties see ovary & testis below minor effects from low production levels	autoregulation by sensing sodium and potassium levels & angiotensin I & II [(ACTH plays only a minor role)   Anterior Pituitary (ACTH)   Anterior Pituitary (ACTH)
Adrenal Medulla	epinephrine = adrenalin norepinephrine	all visceral effectors with adrenergic receptors	same response as by stimulation from the Sympathetic Division of the ANS	stimulation from the Sympathetic Division of the ANS
Pancreas	glucagon     insulin	liver   liver most tissue cells other than nervous tissue	glycogenolysis elevate blood glucose liver - glycogenesis all target cells - take up glucose from the blood and use it for energy (adipose cells covert glucose to stored fat)	autoregulation by sensing blood glucose levels
Ovary	estrogen     progesterone     inhibin     relaxin	uterus, breasts, tissues of secondary sexual characteristics uterus, breasts, tissues of secondary sexual characteristics anterior pituitary gland   cervix and pelvic ligaments	supports reproductive functions   supports reproductive functions   negative feedback control of FSH   softens cervix and relaxes pelvic ligaments to assist in labor and delivery	Anterior Pituitary  (FSH & LH)   Anterior Pituitary  (FSH & LH)   autoregulation by sensing blood estrogen levels autoregulation by sensing blood estrogen and progesterone levels
Testis	androgens:  testosterone, etc.	testes and tissues of secondary sexual characteristics	supports reproductive functions	Anterior Pituitary (LH)