Exam 5 Review: Chapter 14: ANS Nicknames
"SLUD" - a mnemonic memory tool for recalling the response of visceral effectors to parasympathetic stimulation: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation."D" system - a mnemonic memory tool for recalling the response of visceral effectors to parasympathetic stimulation: digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination).
"E" system - a mnemonic memory tool for recalling the response of visceral effectors to sympathetic stimulation: exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment.
"Fight or Flight" -
One of the main functional responsibilities of the sympathetic nervous system is
to ready the body for emergencies, producing a physiological and psychological
response to a threat; during this automatic, involuntary response, an area of
the brain stem will activate sympathetic pathways to release increased quantity
of norepinephrine and other fibers will stimulate the adrenal medulla to release
norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenalin) into the bloodstream; this increased
presence of norepinephrine and epinephrine at effectors which respond to these
chemicals causes a faster heart rate, pulse rate, respiration rate and increased
muscle tension; there is also a shunting of the blood to capillary beds of
skeletal muscles, and the release of blood glucose, lipids, lactic acid and
other chemicals, all of which is involved in getting the body ready for fighting
the danger (a tiger, a mugger), or running away from the threat; others systems
will be inhibited to some degree as their functions may be "paused" or slowed
during the emergency, such as digestive processes and urination; psychological
responses may include feelings of stomach churning, nausea, dread, fear, even of
impending doom.
Compare and contrast:
2. the physiological effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Use specific examples.
| Parasympathetic Division | Sympathetic Division |
| 1. provides negative feedback control to maintain normal
homeostasis in most internal organ systems 2. supports digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions 3. diverts blood to capillary beds of skin, adipose tissue, and most internal organ systems 4. supports metabolic "business as usual" |
1. provides positive feedback control to support increasing
levels of skeletal muscle activity 2. supports skeletal muscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory functions 3. diverts blood to capillary beds of skeletal muscle, heart, and lungs 4. supports physical exertion and "fight-or-flight" emergencies |
List and describe:
4. three examples of visceral organs/tissues innervated by the ANS that receive no
parasympathetic innervation and one example of an organ innervated by the ANS
that receives no sympathetic innervation.
| organs/tissues that receive no parasympathetic innervation | organs/tissues that receive no sympathetic innervation |
| liver, adrenal medulla, spleen, kidney, sweat glands, uterus | pancreas, ureters |
5. for each organ or system
below, the general response of the organ or system to both parasympathetic and
sympathetic stimulation:
a. pupil of the eye
b. heart
c. bronchial smooth muscle in the lungs
d. stomach and intestines
e. liver
f. kidney
g. urinary bladder
h. adrenal medulla
i. sweat glands
j. blood vessels supplying skeletal muscle
k. blood vessels supplying abdominal organs
| organ or system | general response of the organ or system to parasympathetic stimulation | general response of the organ or system to sympathetic stimulation |
| pupil of the eye | constriction of pupil | dilation of pupil |
| heart | decreased rate and force of contraction | increased rate and force of contraction |
| bronchial smooth muscle in the lungs | bronchoconstriction | bronchodilation |
| stomach and intestines | increased digestive activities | decreased digestive activities |
| liver | no response | release glucose into bloodstream |
| kidney | no response | local vasoconstriction → decreased urine output; increased renin production |
| urinary bladder | relax sphincter; constrict muscular wall → permits voiding | constrict sphincter; relax muscular wall → inhibits voiding |
| adrenal medulla | no response | secrete epinephrine = adrenalin and norepinephrine |
| sweat glands | no response | increases sweating |
| blood vessels supplying skeletal muscle | decreased blood flow | increased blood flow |
| blood vessels supplying abdominal organs | increased blood flow | decreased blood flow |