Chapter 12. The Brain and Spinal Cord

Define:

 

Gross Anatomy of the Brain	The Meninges	CSF = Cerebrospinal Fluid
cerebrum cerebral cortex gyrus / gyri = convolution fissure sulcus / sulci longitudinal fissure cerebral hemispheres lobe frontal lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe insula olfactory bulbs diencephalon brain stem cerebellum midbrain pons medulla oblongata pyramids decussation of the pyramids cranial nerves	meninx/meninges   cranial meninges spinal meninges dura mater epidural space subdural space arachnoid pia mater subarachnoid space meningitis falx cerebri	CSF = cerebrospinal fluid (brain) ventricles lateral ventricles third ventricle fourth ventricle choroid plexus blood-CSF barrier = blood-brain barrier interventricular foramina cerebral aqueduct median aperture lateral apertures arachnoid villi dural sinuses subarachnoid space circumventricular organs hydrocephalus

 

Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex	Electrical and Chemical Activity in the Brain	CNS Pathologies
functional areas (of cerebral cortex) sensory areas motor areas association areas primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus of frontal lobe) primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe) frontal eye field limbic system	electroencephalogram brain waves brain lateralization neurosecretory cells neuromodulators acetylcholine biogenic amines neuropeptides enkephalins endorphins dynorphins gas neurotransmitters	concussion contusion laceration aphasia ischemia stroke = cerebrovascular accident transient ischemic attack Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease Cerebral palsy Dyslexia Reye's syndrome Raynaud's syndrome = Raynaud's disease encephalitis poliomyelitis spinal tap lumbar puncture

List

1. The four main parts, the largest subdivisions, of the brain as described in your textbook and describe the basic functions of each part.

2. Three parts of (a) the diencephalon and the functions of each part and (b)  the brain stem and the functions of each part.

3. Five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere and their locations.

4. The three fundamental categories of functional area of the cerebral cortex.

5. Three types of myelinated fibers bundled into tracts that make up the white matter in the cerebrum and their functions, in terms of where they transmit their nerve impulses.

6.  Six aspects of internal homeostasis coordinated by the hypothalamus.
7.  Six aspects of internal homeostasis coordinated by the medulla oblongata.
8.  Three types of sensory information integrated by the cerebellum.

9. Three parts of the brain stem and an important functional area associated with each.

10. Eight brain disorders.

11. Sequentially, the structures encountered when exiting the body posteriorly from the central canal of the spinal cord.

12. the protective coverings of the spinal cord from deep to superficial.

Sketch and label

1. The protective coverings of the brain as seen in frontal section. What, if any, differences are there to the same structures of the spinal cord.

2. A frontal section of the brain illustrating hemispheres, commissures, areas of gray and white matter and types of fiber tract connections.

3. All the protective layers and barriers covering the spinal cord.

4. The main features of the external anatomy of the spinal cord in frontal view (not a cross section).

5. The major features of the internal anatomy visible in a transverse section of the spinal cord.

Describe

1. the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid including its origin and reabsorption. (You may sketch and label and/or draw a flow chart.)

Chapter 13: The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity

Define:

 

Sensory Information Terminology	Peripheral Nerve Terminology	Peripheral Nerve Histology
sensory modality somatic sensations visceral sensations proprioception adaptation (by sensory receptor) mechanoreceptor thermoreceptor nociceptor photoreceptor chemoreceptor	spinal nerve ramus / rami dorsal ramus meningeal branch/ramus rami communicantes plexuses cervical plexus brachial plexus lumbar plexus sacral plexus intercostal nerves dermatome myotome	fascicles epineurium perineurium endoneurium

 

Basic Reflex Terminology	Proprioception and Types of Reflexes	Anesthesia and PNS Pathologies
reflex spinal reflex cranial reflexes autonomic reflex pupillary reflexes somatic reflex reflex neural pathway = reflex arc receptor sensory neuron = afferent neuron integrating center association neuron = interneuron  = internuncial monosynaptic polysynaptic motor neuron = efferent neuron effector	muscle tone stretch reflex muscle spindle ipsilateral contralateral reciprocal innervation tendon reflex tendon organ = Golgi tendon organ flexor reflex withdrawal reflex intersegmental reflex arc crossed extensor reflex patellar (knee jerk) reflex Achilles (ankle jerk) reflex Babinski sign or reflex = plantar reflex abdominal reflex	anesthesia general anesthesia local anesthesia analgesia paresthesia neuritis sciatica shingles

List:

1. the protective coverings of a peripheral nerve from deep to superficial.

2. four different reflex arcs and indicate if they are: reciprocally innervated (inhibition or activation), ipsilateral or contralateral, segmental or intersegmental.

3. For each of the twelve Cranial Nerves, list:

    a.  number, name
    b.  general region(s) served
    c.  main functional role(s)
    d.  modality (sensory, motor, or mixed) 

Sketch and Label :

1. an illustration of a simple reflex arc. What terminology would be used to describe the simplest possible reflex arc?

2. a homeostatic negative feedback pathway diagram of a reflex arc.

3. a cross-section of a nerve illustrating the connective tissue coverings, fascicles, myelin sheaths, and axons.
 

Explain:

1.  the relationship of the dermatomes to the spinal nerves.
2.  the purpose of detecting and reporting proprioceptive sensory information to the CNS.
3.  the difference(s) between a somatic versus an autonomic reflex.

Chapter 15. The Special Senses

Define

Identify and describe:

1. the location and specific sites, including cellular components, for reception and transduction for the sensations of:

    (a) smell, (b) taste, (c) vision, (d) hearing, (e) equilibrium.

List and describe:

1. the sequence of components and physiological events in transduction of taste.

2. the sequence of components and physiological events in transduction of smell.

3. the sequence of components and physiological events in transduction of  vision.

4. the sequence of components and physiological events in transduction of hearing.

Sketch and label:

1. a section through the retina describing the main cell layers, identifying the cell types present, indicating the direction of light transmission and the direction of visual data transmission and processing.
2. the parts of a typical or generalized photoreceptor cell.  Explain the function of each labeled cell part.
3. a reflex arc for the accommodation (pupillary) reflex.
4. a cross section of one turn (spiral) of the cochlea. Identify the chambers, membranes, cells, and fluids found in each part.

Last updated on April 22, 2008.