Chapter 9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue

Define:

 

General Muscle Terminology	Smooth and Cardiac Muscle	General Properties of Muscle Tissue
myology voluntary muscle tissue involuntary muscle tissue striated muscle tissue nonstriated muscle tissue = smooth muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue satellite cell	smooth muscle tissue = nonstriated muscle tissue dense body intermediate filaments cardiac muscle tissue autorhythmicity  intercalated disc gap junction desmosome	thermogenesis shivering excitability = irritability conductivity contractility extensibility elasticity

 

Sarcomere Appearance	Sarcomere Composition	Sliding Filament Mechanism
sarcomere Z disc = Z line A band I band H zone M line	elastic filament = titin = connectin  thin filaments = actin fibers thick filaments = myosin fibers actin troponin tropomyosin myosin-binding site myosin myosin heads myosin tails	excitation-contraction coupling sliding filament mechanism cross-bridges power stroke all-or-none response ATP = adenosine triphosphate

 

Electromyography	Muscle Tone	Muscle Cell/Fiber Physiology
electromyography electromyogram = myogram muscle contraction twitch contraction latent period contraction period relaxation period refractory period (muscle) wave summation = temporal summation tetanus incomplete tetanus fused tetanus = complete tetanus treppe = staircase effect recruitment = motor unit summation = multiple motor unit recruitment	muscle tone muscle tension isotonic contraction isometric contraction hypotonia disuse atrophy muscular hypertrophy hyperplasia concentric contraction eccentric contraction	aerobic cellular respiration myoglobin anaerobic glycolysis lactic acid creatine phosphate oxygen debt muscle fatigue red muscle fiber white muscle fiber

 

Muscle Pathology
spasm fibrillation rigor mortis fibrosis fibromyositis muscular dystrophy myasthenia gravis

List:

1. Three types of muscle tissue and describe the appearance, location and physiological properties of each.
2. Three functions of skeletal muscle tissue.
3. Five physiological characteristics of muscle tissue.
4. The sequence of biochemical events, starting with a nerve impulse, and ending with depolarization of the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber (i.e., excitation-contraction coupling).  Name all the chemicals and cell parts involved.
5. The sequence of biochemical events in the skeletal muscle beginning with the depolarization of the T-tubules and ending with the start of the sliding filament mechanism, the "power stroke" of muscle contraction (i.e., sliding of actin past myosin).  Name all the chemicals and cell parts involved.
6. The sequence of biochemical events in the "power stroke" of muscle contraction (i.e., sliding of actin past myosin).  Name all the chemicals and cell parts involved.
7. The sequence of biochemical events in the skeletal muscle beginning with the end of muscle cell/myofibril/sarcomere contraction and the restoration of the resting state of the skeletal muscle cell.  Name all the chemicals and cell parts involved.
8. Three types of muscle metabolism for ATP production and how each type operates biochemically and how each type is suited to different durations (time frames) of muscle activity.

Describe: (or you may sketch and label)

1. The connective tissue components of a muscle.
2. The difference between superficial versus deep fascia.
3. The difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis.
4. The depolarization of a cell membrane.
5. The differences between muscle fiber, myofibril, and myofilament.
6. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction (shortening).
7. The role of calcium in muscle contraction.   Include the specific molecular interactions.
8. The cause of rigor mortis?
9. The physiological control or regulation of muscle tone.
10.What is meant by "all-or-none" when referring to contraction of a muscle fiber?
11. The cellular events that are occurring during each period of the muscle twitch.
12. The following types of muscle contraction and how they occur:
        a. wave (temporal) summation
        b. incomplete (unfused) tetanus
        c. complete (fused) tetanus
        d. staircase (treppe) effect
        e. recruitment (multiple motor unit summation)
13. How muscle length (degree of stretch) affects the strength of muscle contraction.
14. The difference between Isotonic and Isometric contraction of a muscle.

Sketch and Label:

1. A "motor unit."
2. A neuromuscular junction.
3. The microscopic anatomy of muscle fibers (cells).
4. A sarcomere (including the various protein components).
5. A diagram illustrating homeostatic thermogenesis by the shivering mechanism.
6. A myogram of a muscle "twitch," indicating the names of all time periods and the scales of the x and y axes.
7. Three myograms: (1) a muscle twitch, (2) multiple motor unit recruitment (spatial summation), and (3) wave (temporal) summation. Describe the differences in the stimuli necessary to cause these three types of muscle response and how the responses differ from each other in terms of the strength and/or number of muscle fibers stimulated.

Chapter 10. The Muscular System

Define:

 

Muscle Attachments	Muscles as Levers	Muscle Actions
origin insertion tendon aponeurosis	leverage effort resistance = load fulcrum mechanical advantage	action muscle functional group prime mover agonist antagonist synergist fixator

List:

1. Four general functional types or categories of skeletal muscle group actions, i.e., the four different functional roles a skeletal muscle can play within its group, depending on the particular action/movement of the group.
2. Six criteria used in naming individual skeletal muscles.

[Note:  Your lab guide 6 will provide additional details on the specific muscles you will need to recognize and identify on the final lab practical.]

Sketch and label:

1. The parts of a whole skeletal muscle (organ).
2. The various shapes of skeletal muscles with regard to their fiber/fascicle orientation.

Chapter 11. Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Define:

 

Divisions of the Nervous System	Types of Neurons	Types of Glial Cells
neurology Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System sympathetic division of ANS parasympathetic division of ANS	sensory neuron = afferent neuron motor neuron = efferent neuron interneuron = association neuron unipolar neuron bipolar neuron multipolar neuron presynaptic neuron postsynaptic neuron	neuroglia = glia = glial cell glioma astrocyte oligodendrocyte microglia cell ependymal cell Schwann cell = neurolemmocyte satellite cell

 

Histology of the Neuron	Histology of the Neuron's Axon	Myelin Sheath
neurolemma soma chromatophilic substance neurofibrils dendrite	axon axon hillock axoplasm axolemma initial segment trigger zone axon collateral axon terminal bulb = synaptic end bulb synaptic vesicle neurotransmitter synapse	myelination myelin sheath myelinated neurofibral node = node of Ranvier

 

Membrane Potential	Action Potentials	Impulse Transmission
membrane potential resting membrane potential Na+/K+ ATPase chemical gradient = concentration gradient charge gradient graded potential hyperpolarization	action potential = nerve impulse depolarization threshold suprathreshold stimulus repolarization all-or-none principle (of action potential)	refractory period (neuron) absolute refractory period (neuron) relative refractory period (neuron) propagation = conduction (impulse) continuous conduction saltatory conduction

List:

1. The functions of nervous tissue.
2. The two basic cell types of the nervous system and summarize their functions.
3. The types of glial cells found in the central and peripheral nervous system and describe the function of each.
4. The cells that myelinate axons in the CNS and PNS.
5. Three structural and three functional classifications of neurons.
6. The two basic types of ion channels and define the difference in regulation between them.
7. Four types of gated channels based on the stimulus type which triggers opening or closing.
8. Two types of polarization possible in graded potentials.
9. Sequentially, the molecular events occurring during an action potential at a single location in the axon membrane.
10. Two types of action potential (= nerve impulse) conduction. Which type is fastest? List the other factors that affect conduction speed.
11. Six differences between graded potentials and action potentials.
12. Two types of synapses, the structures unique to each, and where in the body they can be found.
13. Two types of postsynaptic potentials.

 Explain:

1. The difference between gray and white matter and what parts of neurons would generally be located in gray versus white matter.
2. Two important factors responsible for the creation of resting membrane potential.
3.  How a neuron maintains its resting potential.  What resources are required to do this?
4.  How hyperpolarization during the refractory period prevents action potentials from being
     generated and moving backwards along the axon toward the soma.

Sketch and Label:

1. A diagram illustrating the general structural and functional components or divisions of the nervous system and their relationships to each other.
2. A cross section of a myelinated nerve process (axon). What is the function of myelination?
3. A neuron and its parts. Define the function of each part.
4. The parts of a chemical synapse. What are the differences, if any, in a chemical synapse between two neurons and a neuromuscular junction?
5. A graph of a neuron's action potential. Explain the phases of the action potential and how they correspond to the opening and closing of specific ion channels.

Last updated on November 19, 2007.