Exam 3 Review:  Chapter 10:  Movements Used In Naming Muscles

flexion - The motion of a joint which gives the more distal bone(s) a continually decreasing angle with reference to the axis of the proximal bone(s); the opposite of extension.

extension - The motion of a joint which gives the more distal bone(s) a continually increasing angle with reference to the axis of the proximal bone(s); the opposite of flexion.

adduction - The motion of a joint which draws a limb inward toward the median axis of the body or a limb part toward an adjacent part of the limb; the opposite of abduction.

abduction - The motion of a joint which draws a limb outward away from the median axis of the body or a limb part away from an adjacent part of the limb; the opposite of adduction.

circumduction - The circular movement of a limb such that the distal end of the limb delineates an arc; the rotation of a limb round an imaginary axis, so as to describe a conical surface; in humans, the motion possible at the shoulder or hip due to the ball-and-socket joint design.

pronate - The movement which turns or rotates the hand or forearm so that the palm faces inferior or dorsal (down or backward and where the radius and ulna cross each other); less commonly, the movement which turns or rotate the foot by abduction and eversion so that the inner edge of the sole bears the body's weight; the opposite of supination.

supinate -  The movement which turns or rotates the hand or forearm so that the palm faces superior or ventral (= up or forward where the orientation of the hand in "anatomical position" and where the radius and ulna are parallel); less commonly, the movement which turns or rotate the foot by adduction and inversion so that the outer edge of the sole bears the body's weight; the opposite of pronation.

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