Chapter 5. The Integumentary System
Define:
| General Terms | Epidermal Histology | Hair & Nails |
| organ system skin dermatology excretion subcutaneous hypodermis elasticity superficial fascia vitamin D callus epidermal derivative epidermal ridges thermoregulation primary germ layers ectoderm mesoderm endoderm |
epidermis keratinization keratohyaline keratin keratinocytes melanocytes epidermal dendritic cell = Langerhans' cell Merkel cell stratum basale = stratum germinativum
|
pili = hairs medulla cortex hair follicle bulb of the hair papilla of the hair arrector pili root hair plexus nails
|
| Dermal Histology | Skin Coloration | Skin Glands |
| dermis papillary region dermal papillae reticular region corpuscles of touch tactile corpuscle = Meisner's corpuscle lamellated corpuscle = Pacinian corpuscle |
melanin carotene hemoglobin freckles albinism vitiligo pallor cyanotic jaundice erythema |
sebaceous glands = skin oil glands sebum sudoriferous glands = sweat glands eccrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands mammary glands ceruminous glands cerumen |
| Skin Grafts | Burns | Skin Pathologies |
| skin graft autograft isograft allograft = homograft xenograft = heterograft |
burns first-degree burn second-degree burn partial-thickness burn third-degree burn full thickness burn rule of nines |
abrasion acne solar keratosis decubitus ulcer basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma malignant melanoma |
List:
1. the two basic layers of the skin and the tissue layer immediately
deep to these; ID the tissue type of each of these layers.
2. nine
physiological functions of the skin.
3. four cell types found in the
epidermis and describe the function of each.
4. five layers of the
epidermis from superficial to deep.
5. four epidermal derivatives and
describe the function of each.
6. four cellular sensory structures found in
skin and their specific sensory functions.
7. three pigments that may contribute to
normal skin
color and their colors.
8. seven factors that influence the color of a person's skin.
9. three types of burns and their characteristics.
10. make a table showing the classification of burns according to
severity, the corresponding levels of tissue damage, and the resulting
physiological effects.
11. three types
of skin cancer and their characteristics.
(Read more about
skin cancer at the National Institute of Health website.)
Sketch and label, etc.
1. an illustration of the layers
of the epidermis of the skin.
2. an illustration of
the skin to the depth of the deep fascia; include the internal structures
present.
3. the homeostatic feedback
path regulation response by the skin to excessive alterations in body temperature.
Why is this a negative feedback system? (Hint:
see p. 988
in text.)
Chapter 6. Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Define:
| General Terms & Bone Shapes | Bone Regions | Bone Histology |
| mineral homeostasis red bone marrow hematopoiesis = hemopoiesis yellow bone marrow ossification nutrient artery long bone |
diploe diaphysis epiphysis metaphysis articular cartilage periosteum osteogenic layer medullary cavity = marrow cavity endosteum |
bone = osseous tissue compact bone tissue spongy bone tissue osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts lacuna hydroxyapatite calcification = mineralization trabeculae |
| Osteon = Haversian System | Bone Markings 1 | Bone Markings 2 |
| osteon = Haversian system central canal = Haversian canals concentric lamellae canaliculi perforating canal = Volkmann's canal circumferential lamellae interstitial lamellae |
tuberosity crest trochanter line tubercle condyle epicondyle spine head |
facet ramus meatus sinus fossa groove fissure foramen |
| Modes of Ossification | Bone Homeostasis & Bone Disease | Bone Fractures |
| intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
|
bone homeostasis remodeling hypercalcemia hypocalcemia calcium homeostasis parathyroid hormone calcitonin human growth hormone sex hormones osteoporosis |
bone fracture fracture hematoma procallus = fibrocartilaginous callus = soft callus bony callus = hard callus simple fracture compound fracture comminuted fracture greenstick fracture spiral fracture transverse fracture impacted fracture depressed fracture |
List:
1. the two basic kinds of bone tissue.
2. the important bone cell
types involved in bone homeostasis (i.e. formation, remodeling, healing, etc.)
and their specific functions.
3. five physiological functions of bone tissue.
4. four vitamins
particularly important for healthy bones.
5. the basic components of connective
tissue found in bone.
6. eight types of bone fractures.
Describe:
1. the endocrine regulation of bone (calcium/phosphate) homeostasis.
2. the differences
between endochondral versus intramembranous ossification.
3. how a long bone
grows in length.
4. the process of healing in a broken bone.
5. What are
similarities in the healing process of bone compared to skin described on
p.136-137?
Sketch and Label
1. the process of Intramembranous Ossification.
2. the process
of Endochondral Ossification.
3. a cross section of a typical osteon or
Haversian system.
4. the histology of compact bone.
5. the histology of
hyaline cartilage.
6. the gross anatomy of a long bone.
7. the stages of
fracture repair.
8. the negative feedback regulation of blood calcium
concentration.
Chapter 7: The Skeleton
Define:
| General & Clinical Terms | Axial Skeleton | Appendicular Skeleton |
| sutural bone sesamoid bone orthopedics
|
axial axial skeleton cranial fontanel paranasal sinuses orbit vertebral column vertebra atlas axis vertebral foramen intervertebral foramina intervertebral discs annulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus normal curves of vertebral column |
appendicular
appendicular skeleton bony thorax pectoral girdle glenoid fossa pelvic girdle acetabulum pelvis pelvic brim = pelvic inlet pelvic outlet pelvimetry
|
Reminder of Bone Surface Markings:
List:
1. the major divisions and subdivisions of the skeletal system.
2. the various types of bone markings considered processes and provide
specific examples of each.
3. the various types of bone markings
considered depressions and openings and provide specific examples of each.
4. the facial bones.
5. the cranial bones.
6. the
four spinal or vertebral regions.
7. normal spinal curves in the
correct order from superior to inferior.
8. four different spinous
processes of the vertebrae.
9. pectoral girdle and pelvic
girdle bones.
10.
bones of the upper and lower appendages.
11. the features of
the bones which
distinguish the human skeleton from the skeletons of other apes.
Sketch and Label
1. The general structure of a typical vertebra in a superior view.
Chapter 8: Joints
Define:
| General Terms | Types of Joints -- Structural | Synovial Joints & Bursae |
| articulation = arthrosis arthrology kinesiology |
synovial joint Fibrous Joints: |
articular capsule fibrous capsule ligament synovial membrane synovial fluid meniscus = articular disc bursae tendon sheath |
| Types of Joints -- Functional | Joint Movements | Joint Pathologies |
| synarthrosis amphiarthrosis diarthrosis diarthrotic joints: |
flexion extension hyperextension adduction abduction circumduction rotation elevation depression protraction retraction inversion eversion dorsiflexion plantar flexion supination pronation |
osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis gouty arthritis bursitis |
Sketch and label
1. the parts of a synovial joint.
List:
1. the types of joints by functional classification, include
the joint movement possible by each type and specific examples of each type.
2. six types
of diarthrosis joints.
3. give an example of a
joint by naming the two bones joined together.
a.
gliding
b.
hinge
c.
pivot
d.
condyloid
e.
saddle
f.
ball-and-socket
Describe:
Last updated on October 26, 2007.