Exam 2 Review:  Chapter 7:  General & Clinical Terms

sesamoid bone - Any small round bone formed in a tendon which experiences great mechanical stress where it passes over a joint; in humans the only normal example is the patella (kneecap).

orthopedics - The branch of medicine that deals with the prevention or correction of injuries or disorders of the skeletal system and associated muscles, joints, and ligaments.

herniated disc - A painful rupture of the fibrocartilage of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc between two spinal vertebrae; occurs most often in the lumbar region.  [aka ruptured disc, slipped disc]

scoliosis - An abnormal lateral curve to the vertebral column.

kyphosis - An abnormal rearward curvature of the spine, resulting in protuberance of the upper back; nicknamed "hunchback."

lordosis - An abnormal forward curvature of the spine in the lumbar region; nicknamed "swayback."

spina bifida - A congenital malformation, a neural tube defect, in which the spinal column is imperfectly closed so that part of the meninges or spinal cord protrudes, often resulting in hydrocephalus and other neurological disorders; evidence suggests that maternal folate/folic acid (a B vitamin) deficiency increases the risk for fetal neural tube defects.

List:

 2. the various types of bone markings considered processes and provide specific examples of each.

          tuberosity:  deltoid tuberosity of the humerus, ischial tuberosity, tibial tuberosity

          crest:  iliac crest, pubic crest

          trochanter:  greater and lesser of the femur

          tubercle:  rib, greater tubercle and lesser tubercle of the humerus, pubic tubercle

          spine:  scapula; anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, ischial spine

          process:  mastoid process of the temporal, zygomatic process of the temporal, styloid process of the temporal, pterygoid process of the sphenoid, alveolar process of the mandible, palatine process, temporal process of the zygomatic, horizontal process of the palatine, condylar process of the mandible, spinous, transverse, superior and inferior articulating processes of the vertebrae, coracoid process, styloid processes of the radius and ulna

 3. the various types of bone markings considered depressions and openings and provide specific examples of each.

          meatus:  external & internal auditory meatuses

          sinus:  frontal sinus, mastoid air cells (sinus), sphenoid sinus, ethmoidal sinuses, maxillary sinus

          fossa:  glenoid cavity (fossa), supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa, olecranon fossa of the humerus

          groove:  costal groove, intertubercular sulcus (groove)

          fissure:  orbital

          foramen:  supraorbital foramen, foramen magnum, optic foramina, lacrimal foramen, infraorbital foramen, vertebral foramen, transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae, sacral canal, anterior and posterior sacral foramina, obturator foramen, intercondylar fossa of the femur

Reminder of Bone Surface Markings:

11. the features of the bones which distinguish the human skeleton from the skeletons of other apes.

Human Cranium	Ape Cranium
cranial capacity large foramen magnum anterior on occiput	cranial capacity small foramen magnum more posterior on occiput

Human Face and Jaws	Ape Face and Jaws
high forehead flat face canine teeth reduced in size dentition in short rounded arch with no diastema high domed palate mandible with chin modest brow ridges above the orbits nasal bridge more prominent (very slight on average)	low forehead jaw juts forward (prognathism) large upper and lower canines dentition in long rectangular arch with diastemas low flat palate mandible without chin large brow ridges above the orbits nasal bridge less prominent (very slight on average)

Human Vertebral Column and Rib Cage	Ape Vertebral Column and Rib Cage
"double curvature" of vertebral column - adaptation to erect posture & bipedalism Abdominal mesenteries and organs not well supported against gravity by the erect vertebral column	"single curvature "of vertebral column - adaptation to quadrupedalism (walking on "all four") Abdominal mesenteries and organs well supported against gravity by the more horizontal vertebral column

Human Pectoral Limb and Girdle	Ape Pectoral Limb and Girdle
arm length short relative to leg length fingers short relative to thumb length opposable thumb	arm length long relative to leg length fingers long relative to thumb length no opposable thumb

Human Pelvic Limb and Girdle	Ape Pelvic Limb and Girdle
pelvis short and broad birth canal relatively large, especially in females muscle attachments support bipedal locomotion arm length short relative to leg length calcaneus projects posteriorly (distinct heel to the foot) double arch formed by the foot bones great toe tied to other digits and not opposable	pelvis long and narrow birth canal relatively small muscle attachments support quadrupedal locomotion (walking on "all four") arm length long relative to leg length calcaneus does not project posteriorly (no distinct heel to the foot) flat foot formed by the foot bones great toe free and opposable