Exam 2 Review: Chapter 6: General Terms & Bone Shapes
mineral homeostasis - The ability to maintain internal equilibrium of bone matrix density on the one hand and blood calcium and phosphate ion levels on the other by adjusting the complex negative feedback processes regulating mineral absorption from the digestive tract, mineral deposition/dissolution in the skeletal system, and mineral excretion by the kidneys; the endocrine control of mineral homeostasis is achieved by the antagonistic interplay of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands which tends to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and (thyro)calcitonin from the thyroid gland which tends to decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts. Other minerals are regulated in analogous fashion by endocrine negative feedback systems, e.g., sodium and potassium ion levels are regulated by the adrenocortical steroid hormone aldosterone which targets the kidney to save sodium and excrete potassium and its antagonist, the protein hormone atrial natriuretic peptide which targets the kidney to save potassium and excrete sodium.red bone marrow - The type of marrow tissue found in spongy bone and marrow cavities where the various blood stem cells reside and where new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced for release into the circulation.
hematopoiesis = hemopoiesis - The formation and development of red and white blood cells and platelets involving proliferation and differtiation from specific stem cell types; occurs in the red bone marrow in adults, in embryos, other tissues such as the liver also participate.
yellow bone marrow - The type of marrow tissue found in spongy bone and marrow cavities where adipose tissue predominates; a storage depot for fats.
ossification - The physiological and developmental process of bone tissue and bone formation; two methods are involved, membranous and endochondral ossification.
nutrient artery - Any small artery which passes through a nutrient foramen to reach the interior of a bone in order to provide a blood supply to that local region.
nutrient foramen - Any small opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure which house only a small blood vessel (artery or vein).
long bone - Those bones which consist of a roughly cylindrical shaft (diaphysis) with a thick collar of compact bone and, often, a medullary space, and broader articular ends (epiphyses) with thinner surface compact bone and spongy bone in the interior.
short bone - Those bones which are roughly cuboidal in shape with a thin surface of compact bone, with spongy bone in the interior, and no medullary space; e.g., the carpals and tarsals
flat bone - Those bones which are thin sheets in shape with a thin surface of compact bone, with only a thin layer of spongy bone in the interior, and no medullary space; e.g., the bones of the cranium
irregular bone - Those bones which are irregular in shape with a thin surface of compact bone, with some spongy bone in the interior, and no medullary space; e.g., the vertebrae
List:
3. five physiological functions of bone tissue.
support, protection,
movement, mineral homeostasis, hematopoiesis