Study Guide For Exam 1: The Human Body: an Orientation, Chemistry Comes Alive, Cells: The Living Units, & Tissue: The Living Fabric -- Chapters 1-4

[Note:  Be sure to click on the links in the table headers and elsewhere in the on-line review materials to see the definitions of the terms and other useful information for preparing for the exams.]
 

Chapter 1 -- The Human Body: an Orientation

Define:

General Terms	General Body Processes	Regulation Terms
anatomy gross anatomy physiology cells cytology cell physiology organelles tissues histology organs regional anatomy organ system systemic anatomy neurophysiology endocrinology embryology pathological anatomy pathophysiology	metabolism anabolism catabolism digestion excretion reproduction growth responsiveness differentiation homeostasis intracellular fluid extracellular fluid interstitial fluid plasma	hormones feedback system = homeostatic feedback system control center receptor stimulus effector response negative feedback positive feedback disease

 

General Anatomical Terms	Body Cavity Terms	Medical Imaging Terms
anatomical position all directional terms      [see table 1.1, p. 13] body plane all body sections [see figure 1.8, p. 16] all abdominopelvic regions      [see figure 1.11, p. 19]  umbilicus	all body cavities:  [see figure 1.9, p. 17] dorsal body cavity cranial cavity vertebral cavity ventral body cavity thoracic cavity pleural cavity pericardial cavity mediastinum abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity viscera serous membrane pleura pericardium peritoneum mucous membrane	medical imaging examples: radiograph computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging ultrasound

List:

 1. three subdivisions each of anatomy and physiology.
 2. six levels of biological organization in the correct sequence from smallest to largest.
 3. six life processes common to essentially all living systems/organisms.
 4. two kinds of feedback systems.
 5. the two most important body systems which regulate homeostasis.
 6. three components of feedback systems.
 7. four body planes.
 8. three serous membranes.
 9. five body cavities.
10. two examples of a structure whose function is determined by its location.
12. six levels of structural complexity in a human being, in the correct sequence from smallest to largest.
13. The names of the major organs comprising [any one of the eleven] organ systems of the body.

Describe:

1. a negative and a positive homeostatic feedback system and explain how they differ.
2. the location of [any one of the eleven] organ systems of the body using correct anatomical terminology.
3. the function of [any one of the eleven] organ systems of the body using correct terminology.

Sketch and Label:

1. the components and flow of information in a homeostatic feedback system.
2. an illustration of directional terms.
3. an illustration of body sections/planes.
4. cross sections illustrating the dorsal and ventral body cavities and label the cavity subdivisions and label the membranes lining them.

Chapter 2 -- Chemistry Comes Alive  

Define:

Properties of Atoms	Properties of Molecules	Other Chemistry Terms
matter energy potential energy kinetic energy chemical element atom electron nucleus (atomic) proton neutron atomic number mass mass number isotope radioactive isotope electron shell = orbital valence	molecule compound inorganic compound organic compound chemical energy chemical bond covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond ions = electrolytes cation anion hydrogen bond	chemical reaction examples: dehydration synthesis decomposition reaction synthesis reaction hydrolysis oxidation reduction activation energy exergonic endergonic acid acidic solution base basic = alkaline solution pH buffer salt solution solvent solute polar solvent nonpolar solvent suspension colloid = colloidal suspension heat capacity

 

Carbohydrates and Lipids	Proteins and Enzymes	Nucleic Acids & ATP
macromolecule monomer polymer carbohydrate = polysaccharide sugar = monosaccharide glucose sucrose lactose ribose deoxyribose starch glycogen cellulose lipid amphipathic hydrophilic hydrophobic lipoproteins triglyceride steroid cholesterol phospholipid	protein amino acids peptide bonds polypeptides primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure enzyme catalyst substrate (enzyme) active site (enzyme) enzyme-substrate complex product (enzyme) denaturation	nucleic acid nucleotide nitrogenous base deoxyribonucleic acid  (DNA) double helix ribonucleic acid (RNA)   ATP = adenosine tri-phosphate anaerobic aerobic

List:

 1. three particles which combine to form the atom.
 2. four types of chemical bonds.
 3. the components of an acid, a base, and a salt.
 4. four categories of organic compounds which are macromolecules and list the monomer(s) used in building each type of polymer.
 5. three specific examples of each of the above four categories or classes of biological macromolecules.
 6. two examples of major functions for carbohydrate molecules.
 7. three examples of major functions for lipid molecules.
 8. four examples of major functions for protein molecules.
 9. 4 levels of protein structure.
10. three examples of major functions for nucleic acid molecules.
11. three chemical elements found in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
12. a chemical elements found in proteins, and nucleic acids but not in carbohydrates and lipids.

Describe:

1. the relationship between H⁺ and OH^- in a solution at pH 6.
2. the important differences between fibrous and globular proteins, and examples of each.
3. the role and the mechanism of ATP in energy transfers in cells.

Sketch and Label:

1. a carbon atom, indicating the number and location of the protons and electrons.
2. an enzyme-catalyzed reaction sequence.
3. the "double helix."
4. the action of the Na+/K+ ATPase "sodium-potassium" pump.

Note:  There is additional on-line chemistry review provided your textbook publisher.  Click here for some recommendations of particular parts of those review materials which may be of use to you.

Chapter 3 -- Cells: The Living Units  

Define:

The Cell and Membranes Structure	Membrane Transport	Osmosis
cell cytology plasma membrane = cell membrane = plasmalemma cytosol = cytoplasm organelle inclusion fluid mosaic model phospholipid bilayer glycolipid cholesterol integral protein glycoprotein peripheral protein cytoskeleton anchors intercellular junction cell identity marker cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)	channel transporter membrane receptor ligand electrochemical gradient membrane potential selective permeability = semipermeable passive transport bulk flow filtration facilitated diffusion	simple diffusion concentration gradient net diffusion equilibrium osmosis osmotic pressure tonicity isotonic hypertonic hypotonic hemolysis crenation

 

Cell Organelles & Cytoskeleton	Mitosis & The Cell Cycle	Meiosis & Cancer
ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum = ER cisternae rough ER smooth ER Golgi complex lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria cristae membranes matrix (mitochondrial) cellular respiration   cytoskeleton microfilaments microtubules intermediate filaments flagella cilia centrosomes centrioles	cell division somatic cell division parent cell daughter cells mitosis interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase centromere mitotic spindle metaphase plate = equatorial plane equatorial division cytokinesis cleavage furrow cell cycle G1 S-phase G2	meiosis = reproductive cell division diploid haploid meiosis gametes spermatogenesis oogenesis autosomes sex chromosomes homologous chromosomes reduction division synapsis crossing over genetic recombination apoptosis fertilization zygote   cancer oncology neoplasm malignancy metastasis oncogenes

List:

1. three important physiological processes of the cell's outer plasma membrane by category or class and give specific examples of each.
2. the biological compounds (organic mmolecules) found in cell membrane.
3. the functions of membrane proteins.
4. four factors that determine the permeability of a substance across plasma membrane.
5. three passive transport processes.
6. two active processes that move substances into and out of cells.
7. two types of active transport observed within cell membranes.
8. four types of vesicular transport.
9. ten cellular organelles and their function(s).
10. three examples of inclusions.
11. two types of nuclear division processes.
12. eight stages of the cell cycle in the correct sequence.
13. five stages of cell division in the correct sequence.
14. the four cell organelles a protein synthesized for export would pass through on the way out of the cell in the correct sequence.
15. three types of structural lipids found in cell membrane.
16. two types of membrane proteins based on their location in cell membrane.
17. seven types of membrane proteins based on their functions in cell membrane.
18. three aspects of a substance (molecular type) that might prevent it from being moved across a cell membrane by passive transport processes.
19. the number and direction of sodium and potassium ions which move into and out of cells in one cycle of the Na+/K+ ATPase "sodium-potassium" pump.

Explain:

1. Three roles of cell membrane proteins in "cell-environment" interactions.
2. The endomembrane system.
3. Compare and Contrast the events of mitosis versus meiosis.
4. Summarize how the cells produced by mitosis differ genetically from those produced by meiosis.
5. Describe the difference in the chromosomes of prophase in mitosis compared to the chromosomes in prophase of meiosis.

Sketch and Label:

 1. a fluid mosaic model of cell membrane.
 2. an electrochemical gradient.
 3. an illustration of osmosis.
 4. an illustration of facilitated diffusion.
 5. a homologous pair of chromosomes.
 6. the component parts of a mitochondrion.
 7. the cell cycle.
 8. mitosis.
 9. meiosis.
10. DNA replication.
11. a replicated chromosome in metaphase.
12. the action of the Na+/K+ ATPase "sodium-potassium" pump.
13. a cell in prophase.
14. a cell in metaphase.
15. a cell in anaphase.
16. a cell in telophase.

Chapter 4 -- Tissue: The Living Fabric

Define:

General Terms & Membranes	Epithelium	Connective Tissues
histology primary germ layer ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pathologist biopsy cell junctions (specialized contacts) tight junction anchoring junctions gap junctions connexons epithelial membrane serous membrane = serosa parietal visceral pleura pericardium peritoneum mucous membrane = mucosae lamina propria synovial membrane meninges	epithelium apical (free) surface basal surface avascular basement membrane simple epithelium squamous cuboidal columnar stratified transitional epithelium pseudostratified epithelium microvilli ciliated epithelium goblet cell	connective tissue matrix (of connective tissue) fibroblast macrophage monocyte macrophage plasma cell mast cell fibers (in conn. tissue) proteoglycans collagen elastic fibers reticular fibers ground substance hyaluronic acid areolar connective tissue adipose tissue adipocytes reticular connective tissue dense regular fibrous connective tissue dense irregular fibrous connective tissue elastic connective tissue

 

Mineralized Connective Tissues	Muscle and Nervous Tissues	Inflammation and Repair
hyaline cartilage lacuna chondroitin sulfate chondrocyte fibrocartilage elastic cartilage perichondrium bone = osseous tissue	skeletal muscle striated  muscle cardiac muscle intercalated disc smooth muscle neuron cell body = soma neuroglia = glia = glial cells	inflammation regeneration parenchyma stroma granulation tissue repair fibrosis

List:

 1. four basic types of body tissue.
 2. four fundamental characteristics of epithelial tissue.
 3. eight types of epithelium, distinguished by cell shape and pattern of layering.
 4. three arrangements of epithelial cell layers.
 5. four shapes of epithelial cells.
 6. five general features of connective tissue.
 7. four types of connective tissue stem cells.
 8. two basic components of connective tissue matrix.
 9. three types of connective tissue matrix fibers.
 10. four fundamental types of matrix of various connective tissues, based on physical phase, and their locations.
 11. three types of muscle.
 12. identify the main places in the body where the three types of muscle tissues are found.
 13. five external signs of inflammation.

Explain or describe:

1. why a membrane can be considered the simplest form of an organ.
2. classify the various epithelial tissues by shape and layers. Describe at least one function and location in the body for each type of epithelium.
3. the location and structure of endothelium and mesothelium.
4. the difference between endocrine versus exocrine glands.
5. the basic structural characteristics common to all connective tissues.
6. the two basic types of cells that make up nervous tissue and describe their basic function.
7. the process of tissue repair.

Last updated on September 17, 2007.