Exam 3 Review:  Chapter 22:  Other Respiratory Pathology

emphysema - A common pathological condition of the lungs marked by an abnormal increase in the size of the air spaces, resulting in labored breathing and an increased susceptibility to infection; it can be caused by irreversible expansion of the alveoli or by the destruction of alveolar walls; it is classified among the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs).  [Click here for information on "black lung," an occupational hazard for coal miners.]

pneumothorax - An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity, due to an abrupt change in the intrapleural pressure occurring spontaneously or as a result of disease or injury, or sometimes induced to collapse the lung in the treatment of tuberculosis and other lung diseases; symptoms include shortness of breath and severe, one-sided (affected side) chest pain upon inhalation.

hemothorax - Any clinically significant bleeding into the pleural cavity; if severe, it may cause the lung to collapse; there may be tachycardia and hypotension due to the blood loss; the most common causes are chest injury, pneumothorax, pulmonary infarct, and as an undesirable effect of anticoagulant therapy; immediate chest drainage is the crucial therapy.

bronchogenic carcinoma - Squamous cell or "oat cell" "lung cancer" which arises in the mucosa of the large bronchi and produces a persistent, productive cough or the expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum; local growth causes bronchial obstruction and is observed radiologically as an enlarging lung mass; malignant tumor cells can be detected in the sputum, and they metastasize early to the thoracic lymph nodes and to the brain, adrenal glands, and other organs via the bloodstream; a highly malignant primary lung tumor which accounts for most cases (>90%) of lung cancer and has a very poor prognosis; cigarette smoking is the principal cause.

pneumonia - An acute or chronic, potentially fatal, disease marked by inflammation of the lungs with congestion and consolidation (solidification into a firm dense mass due to the presence of cellular exudate (pus and other liquid) in the involved alveoli and resulting reduction in oxygenation of the blood; caused by viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms and sometimes by physical and chemical irritants.

tuberculosis - An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculi) and characterized by the formation of tubercles on the lungs and other tissues of the body, often developing long after the initial infection primary infection of the lungs is characterized by the coughing up of mucus and blood-stained sputum, fever, weight loss, and chest pain; it is transmitted from person to person by an aerosol of organisms suspended in tiny droplets which are inhaled; although deaths have decreased since the 1950s, it remains a major worldwide health problem and there has been some increase in incidence in recent years.

infant respiratory distress syndrome - A failure of the lungs of a newborn to inflate properly, as a result of lung immaturity and specifically to inadequate amounts of surfactant production in the alveoli; symptoms include rapid breathing, nasal flaring, a grunting noise with each breath and cyanosis around the lips and in the nail beds; more serious complications include sepsis, cranial hemorrhage, convulsions and shock; primarily a problem for premature babies; it is a significant (4%) cause of infant mortality.

coryza = rhinitis - an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose (usually associated with nasal discharge); a symptom of the common cold and many other upper respiratory infections.  nickname - runny nose

influenza - An acute contagious viral infection characterized by inflammation of the respiratory tract and by fever, chills, headache, muscular pain, and prostration; it may occur in isolated cases, in epidemics or in pandemics; involvement of the myocardium or the CNS occur infrequently; a necrotizing bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia develop in severe cases and predispose patients to secondary bacterial pneumonia.

pulmonary congestion = pulmonary edema - The clinical condition in which too much tissue fluid accumulates in the lungs; the excess fluid blocks the transport of oxygen from the lungs into the blood because it leaks into the air sacs and tissue of the lungs; emergency treatment with medicines and mechanical ventilation may be necessary.

pulmonary embolism - An obstruction of a pulmonary artery or one of its branches that is produced by foreign matter, most often by detached fragments of a blood clot = thromboembolus, usually originating in a vein of the leg or pelvis; clinically significant episodes are marked by labored breathing, chest pain, fainting, rapid heart rate, cyanosis, shock, and sometimes death;  in other, rarer circumstances, material other than a blood clot is responsible; this may include fat or bone (usually in association with significant trauma), air (often when diving), clumped tumor cells, or amniotic fluid (during a difficult labor and delivery); treatment requires anticoagulant medication, such as heparin and warfarin, and rarely (in severe cases) thrombolysis or surgery.

cystic fibrosis (CF) - A hereditary disease (autosomal recessive) of the exocrine glands, usually developing during early childhood and affecting mainly the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands (elevated chloride levels); it is characterized by the production of abnormally viscous mucus by the affected glands, usually resulting in chronic respiratory infections and impaired pancreatic and intestinal function.

pleurisy - Inflammation of the pleura, usually occurring as a complication of a disease such as pneumonia, accompanied by accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, chills, fever, and painful breathing and coughing.

Describe:

6.  The effect(s) of emphysema, pneumonia, pulmonary edema on the respiratory membrane.
 

Pulmonary Disease	Effect(s) On The Respiratory Membrane
emphysema	(1) surface area of the alveolar walls dramatically reduced, (2) alveolar walls thickened, (3) character of alveolar wall degraded by scar tissue formation, (4) diffusion distance for respiratory gases within the alveolar walls increased
pneumonia	(1) surface area of the alveolar walls somewhat reduced, (2) alveolar walls thickened and the fluid layer on the external surface of the alveolar walls thickened, (3) character of alveolar wall changed by inflammation, and possibly by the effects of the particular microbial pathogen at the site, (4) diffusion distance for respiratory gases within the alveolar walls dramatically increased
pulmonary edema	(1) surface area of the alveolar walls somewhat reduced, (2) alveolar walls thickened and the fluid layer on the external surface of the alveolar walls thickened, (3) character of alveolar wall may be changed by fluid accumulation, (4) diffusion distance for respiratory gases within the alveolar walls dramatically increased