Exam 3 Review:  Chapter 22:  Nose & Pharynx

external nares - The pair of anterior openings of the nasal cavity on the inferior surface of the nose to the outside of the body; the entryway for air required in respiration.  aka - nostrils, nasal openings

internal nares = choanae - The pair of posterior openings of the nasal cavity into the (naso)pharynx, above the palate of the mouth; a part of the passageway for air required in respiration.

nasal cavity - The chamber lying between the base of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the nose to the pharynx and connecting with the paranasal sinuses of the skull; it is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium and moistened by secretions of mucous glands and the lacrimal glands (connected via the lacrimal canal); passage of air through this chamber warms and humidifies the air before it reaches the alveoli of the lungs and also exposes the olfactory epithelium at the roof of the cavity to chemicals which can be sensed as smells.

nasal septum - The vertical dividing wall which runs down the middle of the nasal cavity so that there are normally two subdivisons to the cavity, each ending in a nare; it consists of the bony "perpendicular" plates of the ethmoid and vomer bones.

(nasal) vestibule - In general, a cavity, chamber, or channel which leads to or is an entrance to another cavity; in the anterior part of the nasal cavity, especially the part enclosed by cartilage; this is the area where the external nares are guarded by nasal hairs; a part of the passageway for air required in ventilation.

nasal meatuses - Three connected air passages in each side of the nasal cavity formed by the projection of the conchae: the inferior nasal meatus lies below the inferior concha; the middle nasal meatus lies between the middle and inferior conchae; the superior nasal meatus lies between the superior and middle conchae.

nasal conchae - Three curled or shell-shaped plates of bone on each side of the nasal cavity which are covered by moist nasal mucosa and define the air passageways (nasal meatuses); the superior and middle conchae are formed by projections of the ethmoid bone; the inferior concha, which is the largest, is a distinct bone articulating with the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

rhinoplasty - Plastic surgery of the nose to correct deformity or to replace lost tissue; tissue may be transplanted from the patient's cheek, forehead, arm, etc., or even from another person.  nickname - nose job

pharynx - The "overlapping" cone-shaped section of the respiratory tree and the alimentary canal which extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus; it is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium and moistened by secretions of mucous glands and the salivary glands; its walls consist of skeletal muscle and MALT lymphatic tissue, e.g., the tonsils and lingual tonsils; it is subdivided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

nasopharynx - The superior part of the pharynx above the soft palate which is continuous with the nasal passages at the posterior nares; a part of the airway for ventilation of breathing gases.

oropharynx  - The middle part of the pharynx below the soft palate and above the base of the tongue which is directly posterior to the oral cavity; the space where the food passageway and the airway intersect or overlap.

laryngopharynx - The inferior part of the pharynx below and behind the base of the tongue where the opening to the larynx is guarded by the epiglottis and behind the larynx where it becomes continuous with the esophagus at approximately the same point that the larynx joins the trachea; the part of the passageway for ingested foods and liquids to pass into the esophagus.

fauces - The opening or passageway from the back of the mouth to the pharynx, an anatomical landmark bounded by the soft palate, the base of the tongue, and the palatine arches where the palatine tonsils are located.

stratified squamous epithelium - A membranous tissue composed of two or more layers of cells, those cells at the apical surface being markedly flattened and possibly keratinized, separated by very little intercellular substance and forming the covering of many internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs; e.g., the skin, the lining of the oral and nasal cavities, the pharynx, the esophagus, the anus, etc.

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