Exam 3 Review:  Chapter 22:  Hypoxia

hypoxia - A clinically significant deficiency (below physiological levels) in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues, usually despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood; the most common symptom of hypoxia is cyanosis, a bluish cast to the skin, lips and/or fingernails.

hypoxic hypoxia - A clinically significant deficiency (below physiological levels) in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues due to low O2 in the atmosphere (altitude, smoke inhalation, etc.) or suffocation/strangulation.

anemic hypoxia - A clinically significant deficiency (below physiological levels) in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues due to reduced numbers of, or defective erythrocytes, e.g., any anemia, other hemolytic diseases, cancers and cancer treatments, malnutrition, etc.

ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia - A clinically significant deficiency (below physiological levels) in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues due to inadequate perfusion of the tissue by blood, e.g., from heart failure, vessel obstructions, e.g., blood clot or other embolus, etc.

histotoxic hypoxia - A clinically significant deficiency (below physiological levels) in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues due to interference with O2 use in the mitochondria of the tissue cells, despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood; usually due to the presence of toxins or poisons, e.g., cyanide (cigarettes, chemicals), carbon monoxide (CO) (cigarettes, fires, automobile exhaust, etc.), botulinin toxin, etc.

List:

7.  The four clinical types of hypoxia and an example of each.

Clinical Type of Hypoxia Examples
hypoxic hypoxia high altitude
smoke inhalation
suffocation/strangulation.
anemic hypoxia

iron-deficiency anemia

pernicious anemia 

hemorrhagic anemia

hemolytic anemia

aplastic anemia

sickle cell anemia
ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia heart failure
atherosclerotic vessel disease
vessel obstructions, e.g., blood clot
embolus
histotoxic hypoxia toxins or poisons, e.g., cyanide (cigarettes, chemicals), carbon monoxide (CO) (cigarettes, fires, automobile exhaust, etc.), botulinin toxin, etc.