Exam 1 Review:  Chapter 18:  Valves Anatomy of the Heart

heart valves - Structures which serve as flexible barriers to prevent back flow of blood in each of the four chambers of the heart; each valve consists of a series of fibrous connective tissue flaps ("cusps") covered by the endocardium.

atrioventricular valves - Structures which serve as flexible barriers to prevent back flow of blood between the atria and ventricles of the heart; each valve consists of a series of fibrous connective tissue flaps ("cusps") covered by the endocardium; these valves face the greatest blood pressures during ventricular contractions and so they are further guarded by papillary muscles which are attached to the flaps ("cusps") by strands of fibrous connective tissue ("chordae tendinae"); these valves are also known as the cuspid valves (tricuspid valve (three flaps) on the right side of the heart and the bicuspid valve = mitral valve (two flaps) on the left side of the heart).

tricuspid valve - The right atrio-ventricular valve; a structure which serve as a flexible barrier to prevent back flow of blood between the right atria and right ventricle of the heart; this valve consists of a three fibrous connective tissue flaps ("cusps") covered by the endocardium; this valve faces great blood pressures during right ventricular contractions and so it is further guarded by papillary muscles which are attached to the flaps ("cusps") by strands of fibrous connective tissue ("chordae tendinae").

bicuspid valve = mitral valve - The left atrio-ventricular valve; a structure which serve as a flexible barrier to prevent back flow of blood between the left atria and left ventricle of the heart; this valve consists of a two fibrous connective tissue flaps ("cusps") covered by the endocardium; this valve faces the greatest blood pressure during left ventricular contractions and so it is further guarded by papillary muscles which are attached to the flaps ("cusps") by strands of fibrous connective tissue ("chordae tendinae").

semilunar valves - Structures which serve as flexible barriers to prevent back flow of blood between the great vessels (pulmonary trunk and aorta) and the ventricles of the heart; each valve consists of a series of fibrous connective tissue flaps ("cusps") covered by endothelium; these flaps resemble semicircles ("half moons").

pulmonary semilunar valve - The valve which serves as a flexible barrier to prevent back flow of blood between the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle of the heart; each valve consists of a series of fibrous connective tissue flaps ("cusps") covered by endothelium; these flaps resemble semicircles ("half moons").

aortic semilunar valve - The valve which serves as a flexible barrier to prevent back flow of blood between the aorta and the left ventricle of the heart; each valve consists of a series of fibrous connective tissue flaps ("cusps") covered by endothelium; these flaps resemble semicircles ("half moons").

List:

2. the sequence of structures (vessels adjacent to the heart, heart chambers, and heart valves) through which a blood cell travels in completing one complete circuit through the pulmonary and systemic circulations of the cardiovascular system starting at the right atrium.

right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → semilunar valve of pulmonary trunk → pulmonary trunk → right and left pulmonary arteries → pulmonary circulation of the lungs → right and left pulmonary veins → valves of the pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve = mitral valve →  left ventricle → semilunar valve of the aorta → aortic arch → systemic circulation of the body → superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus → valves of the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus → right atrium

3a. the valves of the heart (including all the names for each);

 

The Valve(s) Which is/are the Back Door to the:	Name of the Valve(s):
right atrium	valves of the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
right ventricle	tricuspid valve
pulmonary trunk	semilunar valve of pulmonary trunk
left atrium	valves of the pulmonary veins
left ventricle	bicuspid valve = mitral valve
aortic arch	semilunar valve of the aorta

3b. Which valves are attached to chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

 

The Valve(s) Which is/are the Back Door to the:	Name of the Valve(s):
right ventricle	tricuspid valve
left ventricle	bicuspid valve = mitral valve

Sketch and Label:

2. a frontal section of the heart showing its valves and chambers.

6. an atrioventricular valve and the associated structures that help it function.

Describe:

12. the role of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles in the correct functioning of these valves. 

The papillary muscles are small, cone-shaped muscles projecting from the walls of the  ventricles to which are attached fibrous cords, the chordae tendineae, which extend up to the edges of the flaps of the valves between upper and lower chambers; when the ventricles fill with blood and contract, the papillary muscles also contract and tighten these cords, allowing the valves to be pressed shut, but preventing them from being pushed back and open into the upper chambers (the atria) by the surging blood.