Exam 1 Review: Chapter 17: Anemia and Polycythemia
anemia - Any pathological deficiency in the oxygen-carrying component of the blood (RBCs & hemoglobin), resulting in tissue hypoxia of some degree; measured in unit volume concentrations of hemoglobin, red blood cell volume, or red blood cell number; many specific disorders are recognized; for most types, fatigue is the most common complaint, along with malaise (vague feeling of physical discomfort or uneasiness), sensitivity to cold, shortness of breath, dizziness and restless legs syndrome (uncomfortable feeling in legs, sensations of pulling, tingling, crawling, accompanied by a need to move the legs).iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) - A deficiency of hemoglobin synthesis where one has inadequate amounts of iron to meet body demands, especially common during periods of rapid growth or pregnancy; it is usually due to a diet insufficient in iron or, less often, to a gastrointestinal malabsorption problem, and it may also develop as a component of hemorrhagic anemia.
pernicious anemia - A severe deficiency of red blood cells most often affecting older adults, caused by failure of the intestines to absorb vitamin B12 and characterized by abnormally large red blood cells, gastrointestinal disturbances, and neurological problems including lesions of the spinal cord; the failure to absorb vitamin B12 may be due to (1) a diet insufficient in vitamin B12 or (2) a failure of the stomach to synthesize intrinsic factor, a necessary carrier of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.
intrinsic factor - A glycoprotein that is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucous membrane which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestines.
hemorrhagic anemia - A deficiency of red blood cells due to loss of RBCs; characteristics depend on the amount and time frame of the loss; chronic hemorrhagic anemia produces a secondary iron-deficiency anemia because normal intestinal iron absorption is inefficient.
hemolytic anemia - A deficiency of red blood cells resulting from the lysis of red blood cells, e.g., in response to certain toxic or infectious agents and in certain inherited blood disorders.
aplastic anemia - A deficiency of red blood cells in which the capacity of the bone marrow to generate red blood cells is defective; this may be caused by bone marrow disease including cancers or exposure to toxic agents, e.g., radiation, chemicals, or drugs.
sickle cell anemia - A chronic, usually fatal deficiency of red blood cells marked by sickle-shaped red blood cells, occurring frequently in Black people of Africa or of African descent, and characterized by episodic pain in the joints, fever, leg ulcers, and jaundice; the disease occurs in individuals who are homozygous recessive for a mutant hemoglobin gene; heterozygous carriers have fewer symptoms and are defined as having the sickle cell trait. For more information, visit the Sickle Cell Information Center.
polycythemia - A pathological increase in red blood cells (Hct >50) due to a benign proliferative disorder ("cancer") of the red bone marrow; less often due to oversecretion of erythropoietin from the kidney.
List:
8. Any five specific types of anemias.
iron-deficiency anemia - pernicious anemia - hemorrhagic anemia - hemolytic anemia - aplastic anemia - sickle cell anemia