SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS FOR INTRODUCTORY JUSTICE
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1 . Which of the following decisions is NOT made at a preliminary hearing?
A. Whether or not the crime occurred within the court's jurisdiction.
B. Whether or not there are reasonable grounds to believe the defendant committed the crime.
C. Whether or not a crime was committed.
D. Whether or not the defendant is guilty as charged. *

2 . Which of the following terms describes the scientific study of crime causation and prevention, and the rehabilitation of offenders?
A. victimology
B. psychology
C. criminal justice
D. criminology*

3 . In criminal proceedings, which of the following terms is most generally used to refer to ANY appearance in court prior to trial?
A. preliminary hearing
B. trial
C. arraignment*
D. indictment

4 . The due process model is primarily concerned with:
A. expanding the rights of defendants to protect them from injustice.*
B. increasing the number of arrests of suspects.
C. providing funds to prosecutors to increase their ability to get convictions.
D. expanding the number of crimes that should be punished with long sentences.

5 . Most cases are resolved by:
A. defendants standing mute at their arraignment.
B. defendants pleading insanity.
C. defendants pleading guilty. *
D. defendants being found not guilty at trial.

6 . An offender is sentenced to 2-5 years in prison, but the entire sentence is suspended and the offender serves his time in the community. The offender is said to be on:
A. probation. *
B. bail.
C. conditional release.
D. parole.

7 . Gideon v. Wainwright provides:
A. restrictions on the interrogation practices of police officers.
B. the rules for determining when a trial by jury will occur.
C. lawyers for defendants who are unable to pay for them. *
D. bail guidelines for judges.

8 . If a grand jury decides that a case should go to trial, it will issue what type of document?
A. a warrant
B. an indictment *
C. a conviction
D. an information

9 . When an offender receives a _______________ sentence for multiple convictions, s/he is serving multiple sentences at the same time.
A. suspended
B. concurrent *
C. consecutive
D. delayed

10 . At which stage of the criminal justice process will a lawyer be appointed if a defendant cannot afford one?
A. first appearance *
B. arrest
C. trial
D. sentencing

11 . An administrative record of the arrest is created during which criminal justice stage?
A. arraignment
B. booking *
C. trial
D. preliminary hearing

12 . What is the percentage of all persons arrested and eventually convicted?
A. 75
B. 100
C. 50*
D. 25

13 . In the criminal justice process, a(n) ________________ has to occur before a(n) _________________.
A. arraignment; booking
B. booking; arrest
C. trial; sentencing *
D. sentencing; arrest

14 . Which term describes the use of sanctions and rewards to influence and shape the behavior of a group's members?
A. crime control
B. social justice
C. civil justice
D. social control *

15 . Which of the following defendants would NOT be entitled to a jury trial?
A. a defendant charged with a felony offense.
B. a defendant charged with murder.
C. a defendant charged with a capital offense.
D. a defendant charged with a petty offense. *

16. Which of the following statements about murder is false?
A. Most murders are committed with firearms.
B. Most murders are committed by strangers. *
C. Murders are most common in the southern states.
D. Murder rates tend to peak in the warmest months.

17 . Which group has the greatest statistical risk of victimization?
A, young women
B. young males *
C. elderly females
D. elderly males

18 . What is the percentage of murder victims killed by guns?
A. 75
B. 65 *
C. 100
D. 25

19. A purse snatching would be classified under which category of the UCR?
A. burglary
B. robbery
C. aggravated assault
D. larceny *

20. Which of the following is primarily a property crime?
A. burglary *
B. murder
C. aggravated assault
D. robbery

21. Which of the following crimes has the lowest clearance rate?
A. murder
B. burglary *
C. aggravated assault
D. robbery

22. What percentage of motor vehicle thefts are carjackings?
A. 22
B. 1 *
C. 15
D. 64

23. In which Supreme Court case did the Court strike down a city ordinance that prevented the bias-motivated display of symbols or objects?
A. R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul *
B. Wisconsin v. Mitchell
C. Miranda v. Arizona
D. Capitol Square Review Advisory Board v. Pinnate

24. The "dark figure" of crime refers to:
A. the number of crimes committed between 7 p.m. and 6 a.m.
B. unreported offenses. *
C. the number of arrests made for index offenses.
D. the number of offenses law enforcement was unable to solve.

25 . Clearances by "exceptional means" describes:
A. heroic efforts made by law enforcement officers to clear a case.
B. the arrests made in a high profile case.
C. situations where law enforcement officials manipulate crime statistics to clear a case.
D. situations where law enforcement authorities believe they know the perpetrator of a crime, but cannot make an arrest. *

26. Which of the following offenses is NOT included in National Crime Victimization Statistics?
A. burglary
B. murder *
C. forcible rape
D. robbery

27. Which of the following is NOT considered a property crime?
A. motor vehicle theft
B. murder *
C. larceny
D. burglary

28. The statistics on the Uniform Crime Report's Part II offenses are based on:
A. offenses known to the police.
B. recorded arrests. *
C. number of police investigations.
D. amount of stolen property received.

29. Which of the following statements about violence against women is false?
A. Women are significantly more likely than men to be injured during an assault.
B. Nearly 2 million women are physically assaulted each year.
C. Violence against women is primarily stranger violence. *
D. Stalking is more prevalent than previous thought.

30. Which of the following would NOT be included in UCR murder statistics?
A. non-negligent manslaughter cases discovered by the police
B. non-negligent manslaughter cases reported to the police
C. willful and unlawful homicides
D. suicides *

31. Who is considered the founder of the classical school of criminology?
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. James Q. Wilson
C. Jeremy Bentham
D. Cesare Beccaria *

32. Who are responsible for developing the social ecology theory?
A. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay *
B. Sarnoff Mednick and Hal Pepinsky
C. Richard Dugdale and Henry Goddard
D. Cesare Becarria and Jeremy Bentham

33.  Which of the following is NOT an assumption of psychological theories?
A. Personality is the major motivational element in individuals.
B. The individual is the primary unit of analysis.
C. Crime results from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes.
D. These theories believe that crime control agencies, and the citizens they serve, work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime. *

34. Anomie is:
A. a term coined by Cesare Lombroso.
B. a socially pervasive condition of weightlessness.
C. a disjuncture between approved goals and means. *
D. a term that describes the environmental impact on offenders.

35.  Who coined the term "reaction formation"?
A. Albert Cohen *
B. Marvin Wolfgang
C. Edwin Sutherland
D. Robert Merton

36.  Whose work is associated with a subculture of violence?
A. Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti *
B. Richard Dugdale and Henry Goddard
C. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
D. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton

37. Who is NOT associated with radical criminology?
A. Edwin Sutherland *
B. William Chambliss
C. William Bonger
D. Karl Marx

38. Which of the following is probably the oldest body of law to survive?
A. the U.S. Constitution
B. early Roman law
C. the Code of Hammurabi *
D. the Magna Carta

39. Jaywalking, spitting on the sidewalk, and littering can best be classified as:
A. felonies.
B. capital felonies.
C. offenses. *
D. misdemeanors.

40. Which term refers to the facts that show that crime has occurred?
A. actus rea
B. corpus delicti *
C. stare decisis
D. mens rea

41. Which test places responsibility for deciding insanity squarely with the jury?
A. the Substantial Capacity Test
B. the Durham Rule
C. the M'Naghten Rule
D. the Brawner Rule *

42. Which of the following is NOT a category of defense generally recognized in our legal system?
A. justifications
B. excuses
C. unconstitutional *
D. innovative

43. Which defense is frequently used in domestic violence cases?
A. consent
B. defense of others
C. self-defense *
D. intoxication

44. Which of the following rules states that a person can only defend a third party under the circumstances and degree that the third party could act on his or her own behalf?
A. necessity rule
B. reasonable force rule
C. self-defense rule
D. alter ego rule *

45. The majority of local law enforcement agencies employ fewer than _________ full-time officers.
A. 1,000
B. 10 *
C. 10,000
D. 100

46. What was the popular British name given to members of the Metropolitan Police Force?
A. Peelies
B. Nellies
C. newbies
D. bobbies *

47. The term "private eye" is thought to have developed from which private security company's logo?
A. Wackenhut
B. Pinkerton *
C. Brinks
D. Wells Fargo

48. After the passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, the U.S. Congress created the:
A. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
B. Police Executive Research Forum.
C. National Science Foundation.
D. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. *

49. According to a 1999 evaluation, which types of "Weed and Seed" programs worked the best?
A. bottom-up, non-participatory decision-making approaches
B. top-down, non-participatory decision-making approaches
C. bottom-up, participatory decision-making approaches *
D. top-down, participatory decision-making approaches

50. Which of the following is NOT one of J.Q. Wilson's styles of policing?
A. service
B. legalistic
C. crime-fighting *
D. watchman

51.  In 2000, most officers were killed:
A. in auto-accidents.
B. by blunt objects.
C. in motorcycle accidents.
D. by gunfire. *

52. Team policing:
A. attempts to involve citizens in policing.
B. splits the police department into sub-agencies responsible for specific types of crime.
C. reorganizes conventional patrol strategies into integrated and versatile police teams assigned to a fixed district. *
D. attempts to build links between local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.

53. Which of the following statements is false regarding police use of force?
A. Use of force typically occurs when police are trying to make an arrest.
B. Use of force appears to be unrelated to an officer's personal characteristics.
C. Use of force is most likely to occur when the suspect they are dealing with is under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
D. A large percentage of police-public encounters involve force. *

54. What era of American policing was characterized by pride in professional crime fighting?
A. community policing
B. political
C. strategic
D. reform *

55. Which case established a public safety exception to the requirements of Miranda?
A. Whren v. U.S.
B. Leyra v. Denno
C. New York v. Quarles *
D. Brown v. Mississippi

56. What is the standard of proof necessary for an arrest to occur?
A. almost sure
B. probable cause *
C. beyond a reasonable doubt
D. preponderance of the evidence

57. Which amendment protects citizens against overzealous interrogation practices?
A. Fourth
B. Sixth
C. Fifth *
D. Second

58. The fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine:
A. excludes from introduction at trial any evidence resulting from an illegal search and seizure. *
B. prevents police officers from gathering dangerous materials without the assistance of environmental experts.
C. bars the collection of evidence by federal law enforcement officers.
D. bars the police from using psychological manipulation to obtain a confession.

59. Which Supreme Court case concluded that the exclusionary rule should be applied in state cases?
A. Arizona v. Fulminante
B. Weeks v. U.S.
C. Mapp v. Ohio *
D. Watkins v. U.S.

60. Which of the following is not a tier found in the federal court system?
A. U.S. District Courts
B. U.S. Supreme Court
C. U.S. Courts of Appeals
D. dispute resolution centers *

61. Which term refers to the territory, subject matter, or persons over which a court may lawfully exercise its authority?
A. jurisdiction *
B. oversight
C. structure
D. judicial province

62. The Supreme Court ruled that a person in custody must have a first appearance in court within how many hours after arrest?
A. 48 *
B. 24
C. 72
D. 125

63. "Nolo contendere" means:
A. that the defendant plans to plead insanity.
B. that the defendant does not wish to contest conviction. *
C. that the defendant will change their plea to guilty after an evidentiary hearing.
D. that the defendant plans on appealing the conviction.

64. When an offender does not have to post any bail, but promises to appear in court, s/he is:
A. being conditionally released.
B. being released on unsecured bail.
C. posting a deposit bail.
D. being released on recognizance. *

65. What is the first level of appeal from the trial court of limited jurisdiction?
A. State Intermediate Court
B. trial court of general jurisdiction *
C. U.S. District Court
D. State Supreme Court

66. The United States Supreme Court might also be called:
A. a court of last resort. *
B. a court of final say.
C. a court with unlimited power.
D. a court of the highest authority.

67. Which of the following is NOT an exception to the hearsay rule?
A. eyewitness statements *
B. out-of-court statements
C. dying declarations
D. spontaneous statements

68. Which term describes the process by which a potential juror is interviewed by the prosecutor and defense attorney?
A. discovery
B. disclosure process
C. venire
D. voir dire *

69. What type of challenge occurs when the defense attorney, for no reason, excuses a juror?
A. for cause
B. peremptory *
C. challenge to the array
D. prejudice

70. What percent of cases are dismissed by the prosecution prior to trial?
A. 50 to 75
B. 33 to 50 *
C. between 5 and 10
D. between 80 and 90

71. Which type of indigent defense relies on full-time, salaried staff?
A. contract system
B. retained counsel system
C. public defender *
D. assigned counsel

72. Which goal of contemporary sentencing corresponds to the "just deserts" model of sentencing?
A. rehabilitation
B. deterrence
C. retribution *
D. restoration

73. The "nothing works" doctrine applies to what sentencing goal?
A. retribution
B. incapacitation
C. restoration
D. rehabilitation *

74. What sentencing scheme encourages rehabilitation?
A. indeterminate *
B. presumptive
C. mandatory
D. determinate

75. Which sentencing scheme is also known as fixed sentencing?
A. retribution
B. mandatory
C. determinate *
D. indeterminate

76. What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States today?
A. probation *
B. shock probation
C. community service
D. parole

77. Where did parole begin in the United States?
A. Massachusetts
B. Pennsylvania
C. Virginia
D. New York *

78. Which of the following is the most active stage of the probation or parole process?
A. supervision of sentenced parolees/probationers *
B. client diagnosis
C. intake procedures
D. presentence investigations

79. Which of the following is NOT considered an intermediate sanction?
A. house arrest
B. parole *
C. mixed sentence
D. shock parole

80. Which of the following was the most widely used physical (corporal) punishment in early American history?
A. flogging*
B. mutilation
C. beatings
D. torture

81. Who was the early prison reformer who developed a system of credits toward early release at Norfolk Island?
A. Reverend Louis Dwight
B. John Augustus
C. John Howard
D. Alexander Maconochie*

82. What prison development era followed the Reformatory era?
A. Roundhouse Era
B. Courtyard Era
C. Industrial Era*
D. Modular Era

83.  The Auburn system of imprisonment is also called the __________ and silent system.
A. personal
B. congregate*
C. hard labor
D. penance

84. Which criminal justice expert examined a number of prison treatment programs and claimed that "nothing works?"
A. Jeremy Bentham
B. Cesare Beccaria
C. Robert Martinson*
D. Marilyn McShane

85. Since 1980, the prison population has ________.
A. doubled
B. tripled
C. quadrupled*
D. stayed about the same

86. Who coined the term "total institution?"
A. John Irwin
B. Erving Goffman*
C. Gresham Sykes
D. Donald Clemmer

87. The importation model of prison suggests that ______.
A. inmates bring values, roles, and behaviors in from the outside world*
B. inmates adapt to prison and abandon traditional values
C. correctional officers contribute to the prison subculture
D. individuals are immediately accepted by the prison subculture

88. Who are the so-called "do-gooders" in a prison subculture?
A. legalists
B. opportunists*
C. colonists
D. religious

89. Which common law principle allows the state to assume a parental role and take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent?
A. ex post facto
B. parens patriae*
C. stare decisis
D. fruit of the poisonous tree

90. Which of the following is NOT one of the philosophical principles of the juvenile court movement?
A. the state is the "higher or ultimate" parent
B. justice needs to be individualized
C. the needs of the child mandate use of criminal justice procedures*
D. children are worth saving

91. The social ecology approach holds that delinquency is a result of:
A. poor schooling
B. lack of opportunity
C. poor parenting
D. social disorganization*

92. Which standard of proof is used in status offense cases?
A. clear and present danger
B. jacked-up probable cause
C. preponderance of the evidence*
D. beyond a reasonable doubt

93. What year was the first major piece of federal anti-drug legislation passed?
A. 1901
B. 1914*
C. 1937
D. 1964

94. The case of Oliver v. U.S. recognized or primarily dealt with what drug-related issue?
A. curtilage*
B. abandoned property
C. narcoterrorism
D. asset forfeiture

95. Which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world?
A. India
B. United States*
C. Germany
D. Russia

96. In Islamic Law, murder and manslaughter are classified as:
A. Quesas offenses*
B. offenses against God
C. Diya offenses
D. Hudud crimes

97. Of the following, which is most likely to be the official rate of recidivism in China?
A. 4%*
B. 25%
C. 43%
D. 64%

98. What is the current test used to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence in most courts, state, federal, and other?
A. Rule 402 of the Federal Rules of Evidence*
B. the Bertillion Prophecy
C. General Acceptance Test
D. the Frye Standard

99. According to the criminologist, Gwynn Nettler, how many characteristics does an act of terrorism have?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6*

100. Which of the following online clearinghouses was, or is, being run by the futuristic group at the Police Executive Research Forum?
A. Big Floyd
B. METAPOL*
C. HITMAN
D. Agent Starling

101. In Two Models of the Criminal Process, Herbert Packer calls the two models the Crime Control and the ___________ model.
A. Sequential 
B. Regulatory
C. Inquisitorial
D. Due Process *

102. Which of the following contrasting values in Two Models of the Criminal Process are better seen as complementary rather than as polar opposites?
A. Factual Guilt-- Legal Guilt 
B. Speed -- Adversary
C. Reliability--Efficiency *
D. Type I error -- Type II error

103. During the mid-1980's, penalties for crack cocaine were made harsher than for powder cocaine. What was the amount of powder (in grams) equivalent to 1 gram of crack under federal law?
A. 50 
B. 100 *
C. 150
D. 200

104. Who was the criminologist who popularized, if not invented, the term "moral panic"?
A. Ted Chiricos 
B. Kody Scott 
C. Stanley Cohen *
D. Marvin Wolfgang

105. Medicalization, rather than criminalization, of a criminal offense occurs during a moral panic when:
A. The offense is seen as a menace, spreading to our children
B. The offense rates fluctuate wildly, in presumably random patterns
C. There is scholarly attention to the phenomenon fairly early on *
D. Research grant funds are made available from the federal government

106. Police are NOT technically a profession mainly because:
A. They have an "impossible mandate" and no control over their mandate *
B. Their adherence to the crime-fighting role is too narrow
C. Technology is not used to full advantage
D. Personnel procedures are not based on merit

107. In their famous article, Broken Windows, Wilson & Kelling make the connection between ______ and fear.
A. Crime rates 
B. Urban crisis
C. Disorderliness *
D. Cosmopolitanism

108. Skolnick's Sketch of the Policeman's Working Personality argues that police become isolated from the very segment of the population in which friends would be drawn. Which aspect of the police subculture is most responsible for this?
A. Danger *
B. Authority 
C. Suspicion
D. Authoritarianism

109. Which type of prosecutorial charging pattern is most related to domestic violence?
A. Legal sufficiency 
B. Efficiency 
C. Winnability
D. Severity of injury *

110. "Negotiated justice" is a term used to refer to the process of ____________.
A. Police discretion 
B. Plea bargaining *
C. Courtroom workgroup
D. Alternative Dispute Resolution

111. Older, more experienced prosecutors are often more rigid than newer prosecutors in embracing the process of plea bargaining.
A. True
B. False *

112. What court reform involved the attempted elimination of plea bargaining?
A. The Alaska plan *
B. The Illinois plan 
C. The Maine plan
D. The Cincinnati plan

113. Which type of indigent defense system is the oldest in American history?
A. Assigned counsel *
B. Contract 
C. Public defender
D. Sliding scale

114. In The Practice of Law as a Con Game, Abraham Blumberg argues that defense attorneys engage in the most "cooling the mark out" when:
A. They fix the fee to be charged and its collection *
B. They justify the denial of bail to their client
C. They rationalize the plea bargain
D. They explain to the community why they do what they do

115. When the client wishes to go to trial and the defense attorney wishes to plea bargain, what is the usual outcome?
A. Settlement 
B. Plea bargain
C. Proceed further *
D. Stalemate

116. What percentage of defendants plead guilty in most of the nation's courts?
A. 60% 
B. 70%
C. 80%
D. 90% *

117. Why do so many defendants plead guilty, according to Malcolm Feeley in The Process is the Punishment?
A. They realize they cannot win their cases due to overwhelming evidence
B. The stigma of conviction makes little difference to them *
C. The costs of paying for the trial if they lose is too great
D. They feel the system is biased against them unfairly

118. The reform having to do with revising state judicial selection procedures is called the:
A. The Montana plan 
B. The Missouri plan *
C. The Maine plan
D. The Illinois plan

119. There is clear and convincing evidence of racial disparity in sentencing but there is no clear and convincing explanation of those disparities.
A. True *
B. False

120. According to Rosecrance who studied probation officers and created a typology of them, what type of probation officer is a "mossback"?
A. Hard-liner 
B. Lenient 
C. One who is merely putting in his/her time *
D. a maverick who does things their own way

121. What type of judge usually receives their bench seat as a political favor?
A. Hack *
B. Misfit
C. Feeble
D. Incapacitated

122. What percentage of American citizens typically support the death penalty, as reported by most criminal justice scholars who have researched the subject?
A. 60% 
B. 70%
C. 80% *
D. 90%

123. In Sykes The Society of Captives, which of the following is NOT a defect of total power?
A. The pressures toward corruption of the guards
B. The transfer of duties into the hands of trusted inmates
C. The limited number of rewards available to give inmates
D. The individual inadequacies of those who run the prison *

124. "Jacketing" a prisoner involves:
A. Noting in the prisoner's file that they are gang-related *
B. Taking them to segregation under restraint
C. Putting them in a cell with someone they don't like
D. Using them as an informant and then turning them loose in population

125. In DiIulio's Well Governed Prisons are Possible, the "new old penology" refers to a phenomena in which the society of captives model is replaced by a __________ model.
A. Safer and humane 
B. Inmate self-government 
C. Government of keepers *
D. Society of failures

126. The "trickle-up" effect occurs largely because discretion in criminal justice organizations rests mainly at the bottom of hierarchies.
A. True *
B. False

127. Which reform has been compared to "bending granite" and is regarded as the most difficult to achieve?
A. demilitarizing the police rank structure *
B. privatizing probation
C. legitimizing mediation centers
D. creating community accountibility

128. A "Writ of Mandamus" could refer to lawsuits by citizen groups who want the law enforcement priorities in their community changed.
A. True *
B. False

129. What type of lawsuit represents one of the fastest growing intended areas of specialty among law students?
A. Wrongful Death
B. Qui Tam, or whistleblower
C. Intellectual Property *
D. Civil Rights

130. How many new community police officers did President Clinton promise to put on the streets in his crime plan?
A. 50,000
B. 100,000 *
C. 150,000
D. 200,000

131. Which prison reformer designed the "Roundhouse" as in Illinois Stateville prison?
A. William Montaigne
B. James Penn
C. Cesare Beccaria
D. Jeremy Bentham *

132. Which of the following prisons is an example of the Auburn style?
A. Stateville 
B. Sing Sing *
C. Alcatraz
D. Ft. Leavenworth

133. Which type of sentencing policy is most closely associated with the need for accurate prison record-keeping among prison officials?
A. concurrent
B. consecutive
C. indeterminate *
D. determinate

134. Which type of sentencing reforms are Class X and "presumptive" sentencing?
A. concurrent
B. consecutive
C. indeterminate
D. determinate *

135. What type of power do guards think they have over inmates?
A. legitimate and expert *
B. coercive and reward 
C. legitimate and reward
D. expert and referent

136. What type of power do inmates think guards have?
A. legitimate and expert 
B. coercive and reward *
C. legitimate and reward
D. expert and referent

137. Which magazine published the infamous article "Must Our Prisons Be Resorts?"
A. Atlantic Monthly 
B. Reader's Digest *
C. The New Yorker
D. Corrections Today

138. Which Task Force Report of the President's Commission (The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society) was the one that did little more than synthesize what was already being practiced?
A. The Police
B. The Courts *
C. Corrections
D. Technology

139. According to Logan and DiIulio in Ten Deadly Myths that Cause Crime, the U.S. prison system (both federal & state) is running at about what percentage of its design capacity?
A. 100%
B. 120%
C. 160% *
D. 200%

140. Inmate lawsuits have been of two basic kinds: habeus corpus and conditions of confinement. Which kind has been the most frequent target of reform?
A. habeus corpus *
B. conditions of confinement

141. Which type of inmate lawsuits have been popularly referred to as "frivilous"?
A. habeus corpus 
B. conditions of confinement *

142. Which type of inmate lawsuit is derived from the "reconstruction" era of U.S. history and is most used today to file "class action" suits for civil action against deprivation of rights?
A. 42 U.S.C. section 1981 
B. 42 U.S.C. section 1983 *
C. 42 U.S.C. section 1985
D. 42 U.S.C. section 1994

143. In filing a FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) request, how many days does the agency have to respond to your request?
A. 5
B. 10 *
C. 15
D. 20

144. Which type of nonprofit organization can lobby, be politically active, and contribute campaign contributions?
A. 501(c)(3)
B. 501(c)(4) *
C. 501(c)(5)
D. 501(c)(6)

145. Which of the following was the famous reformer who stressed conflict and the need for giving the poor the power to speak for themselves?
A. Jay Shafritz 
B. Saul Alinsky *
C. Robert Ressler
D. Ronald Contino

146. Which part of your organization do you always want to put forth toward the public and eventually involve the people into, perhaps in an advisory board capacity?
A. behavior 
B. goals
C. objectives
D. mission *

147. What particular area of criminal justice has the most number of interest groups?
A. police 
B. courts 
C. corrections
D. victims *

148. Which of the following are the initials of the professional association that most criminal justice professors belong to?
A. JRSA
B. ACJS *
C. ASIS
D. NDJDD

149. How many new prison beds were built across American during the tenure of the Reagan-Bush administration?
A. 50,000
B. 100,000
C. 200,000 *
D. 300,000

150. The Effective Death Penalty Act of 1995 sped up the executions of how many criminals nationwide?
A. 500
B. 1,500
C. 3,000 *
D. 4,500

Last updated: July 02, 2006
Not an official webpage of APSU, copyright restrictions apply, see Megalinks in Criminal Justice
O'Connor, T.  (Date of Last Update at bottom of page). In Part of web cited (Windows name for file at top of browser), MegaLinks in Criminal Justice. Retrieved from http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/rest of URL accessed on today's date.