A FLORISTIC STUDY OF THE HAYNES BOTTOM WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA

A FLORISTIC STUDY OF THE HAYNES BOTTOM WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT AREA, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, TENNESSEE

Edward W. Chester

The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State University
Clarksville, TN 37044

ABSTRACT. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency purchased approximately 393 ha (971 acres) in Montgomery County, Tennessee, in 1996 for development of a wildlife management area. At that time the land was in agricultural production (corn, wheat, soybeans, tobacco, pasture) with some secondary woodlands and both upland and Cumberland River bottomland fields. Wetland habitats included bottomland hardwood forests, riverside forests, an apparently abandoned river meander channel (slough), marshes, a first-order stream, wet meadows, drainage ditches, and upland ponds. The entire area shows the results of extensive anthropogenic usage since settlement. Conversion into the Haynes Bottom WMA, named in commemoration of early setters and their ancestors who still live in the area, began in the summer of 1999 and the area was officially opened in November 1999. Construction included dikes, pools, and other wetland enhancement projects to attract waterfowl. A study of the vascular flora during 1997-1999 documented 550 species representing 108 families and 327 genera. The Asteraceae and Poaceae are the major families, accounting for nearly 25% of taxa. Major genera are Carex (18 taxa), Quercus (13), Polygonum (9), and Cyperus, Desmodium, and Panicum (8 each). Four taxa are state-listed and 121 taxa (22%) are introduced.

INTRODUCTION

The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) manages 87 Wildlife Management Areas (WMA’s) across the state, ranging in size from 88 to 624,000 acres (TWRA website, 2000). Many WMA’s serve as important preserves for significant habitats, community types, and rare taxa. In most cases botanical inventories are lacking, especially for pre-management conditions. Haynes Bottom is one of the most recent WMA additions (purchased 1996). A floristic inventory of the vascular plants of the WMA was made over two growing seasons (1998 and 1999) with special attention given to locating state and/or federally-listed, and exotic species. The resulting data base will: (1) add to existing information on the flora and vegetation of northwestern Tennessee; (2) provide information that TWRA may use as they develop the site into a wildlife management area, especially in the conservation of rare species and elimination of exotic-invasive taxa; and (3) allow for monitoring as existing vegetation matures, as landscape changes are facilitated in the construction process, and as hydrologic changes occur due to wetland enhancements.

THE STUDY AREA

Montgomery County is within the Western Highland Rim Subsection, Highland Rim Section, Interior Low Plateau Physiographic Province (Fenneman 1938). This Subsection is a dissected plateau bordered on the east by the Central Basin and on the west by the Tennessee River; the Southern Highland Rim Subsection is to the south and the Pennyroyal Plain Subsection to the north. Numerous stream valleys, ravines with steep slopes, narrow ridges, springs, perpendicular bluffs, and some karst features are characteristic. Uplands have developed primarily on St. Louis and Warsaw limestones with some Fort Payne cherty limestone, all of Mississippian age. Silurian and Ordovician strata are exposed in a few valleys, and Quaternary alluvium occupies larger stream valleys, such as that of the Cumberland River, which provides primary drainage. Eight major soil Associations occur in the county (U.S.D.A. 1975), with parts of three Associations within the WMA, including: (1) Pembroke-Crider (gently rolling, well-drained soils on uplands); (2) Baxter-Mountview (rolling to steep, well-drained soils that may include much chert); and (3) Arrington-Lindside-Beason (level, well-drained to somewhat poorly drained soils on bottomlands of the Cumberland River). The climate is warm-temperate with mild winters and warm summers. The average annual precipitation is about 122 cm (48 inches). Temperature extremes have been -22 to 110 degrees F; the average is 60 degrees F. The average growing season is 207 days and extends from 4 April to 29 October. The soil freezes to a depth of a few cm several times each year, but rarely remains frozen for more than a few days. Several cm of snow usually occur each year. Gentle to moderately strong prevailing winds are from the west and southwest (U.S.D.A.1975).

Vegetationally, Montgomery County is within the Deciduous Forest Formation, Western Mesophytic Forest Region, of Braun (1950), where the vegetation is a mosaic of types determined by local climatic, edaphic, and topographic features. Typically, it is transitional between the more mesic Mixed Mesophytic Region to the east and the more xeric Oak-Hickory Region to the west. Oak and oak-hickory phases dominate but more mesophytic types occur on some slopes. Chester, Jensen, and Schibig (1995) found that four genera (Acer, Carya, Quercus, Ulmus) account for more than 50 percent of existing tree stems. Barrens and upland wetlands and flatwoods also contribute to area diversity (Baskin, Baskin, and Chester 1999; Baskin, Chester, and Baskin 1997).

HAYNES BOTTOM WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA

Haynes Bottom Wildlife Management Area (HB) is a 393-ha (971-acre) tract adjacent to and on the north side of the Cumberland River in southwestern Montgomery County, Tennessee. It is on the Palmyra, TENN,1958, photorevised 1983, U.S. Geol. Survey Quadrangle, and Map 43 of the Montgomery County Soil Survey (U.S.D.A. 1975). The site is mostly between river miles 114 and 116 and is directly north of the small town of Palmyra, Tennessee, which is on the south side of the Cumberland River. The area is accessed from Chester Harris Road off Dotsonville Road, which intersects U.S. Highway 79 west of Clarksville. The old Palmyra Ferry Road (also called River Road) leads from Chester Harris Road to the Cumberland River. Elevations range from 356 feet (normal summer pool of the Cumberland River) to about 500 feet above sea level.

From European settlement until TWRA purchase, the site was in private ownership and mostly agricultural (corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, pastures). The productive bottomlands especially were intensively cultivated and there were at least three farmsteads with dwellings and outbuilding. The vast canebrakes and bottomland forests seen by the first settlers in the late 1700s had been mostly removed by the late 1800s (Sudworth 1897). An iron industry once thrived in the area and included blast furnaces directly opposite the WMA in Palmyra. Hematite ore was surfaced-mined in the region and a few test pits and surface mines were located on the property; these are evident today (this fact also observed in communication with older residents of the area), and at least two of the old surface mines have permanent water.

The site supports a variety of habitat types, including the Cumberland River and an adjacent strip of riparian forest, broad alluvial bottomlands with drainage ditches, old fence rows, and an apparent abandoned river meander channel (Harrison Slough) with associated marshes and meadows, a first-order stream (Hog Creek) with adjacent riparian forest, upland successional fields, old homesites (one now occupied), several small, mostly upland ponds, and upland forests. The upland wooded areas are on landscapes that mostly were too steep, rocky, or otherwise unsuitable for crops; they have been pastured constantly and high-graded for timber on numerous occasions. The alluvial bottomlands are cultivated in corn, soybeans, and wheat. The upland fields suitable for tilth had undergone succession from the time of TWRA purchase until spring 1999, when many were burned and planted in corn, using both tillage and no-till methods.

The TWRA is converting the area into a wildlife management area, especially for migratory waterfowl, by enhancing and expanding existing wetlands and constructing new ones, by wildlife food plantings, and by other habitat construction-manipulation, including varying water-levels in wetlands. Construction of dikes, ponds, and other waterfowl habitat enhancements began in August 1999. Pumps were used to flood several of the ponds with water from the Cumberland River. The area was officially opened as a WMU in November 1999. The results reported herein preceded the construction work.

METHODS

Descriptive data were obtained from (1) the U.S.G.S. topographic quadrangle, (2) the U.S.D.A. soil survey for Montgomery County, (3) aerial photographs from the Montgomery County Office of the U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Service, (4) current aerial photograph from the U.S.D.A. Aerial Photography Field Office (Salt Lake City), and (5) computer generated maps from the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. Several long-time local residents were interviewed and the site was flown for photographs. Field data were collected in more than 100 trips made to the area from March 1998 to March 2000; 49 trips were made in 1998, 52 in 1999, and 12 in 2000. S. Joy Stephens, former graduate student at Austin Peay State University, accompanied the author on 11 trips, collecting data on riparian forests, wetlands, and flora. Several undergraduate students at APSU also contributed to the field work. During each data-collecting trip, voucher specimens were taken and notes accumulated. More than 600 specimens were accessioned into the Austin Peay State University Herbarium. Broad plant community types were subjectively determined and these types used in preparation of the annotated checklist. Floristic analyses include the determination of major categories of species found, dominant families and genera (based on number of taxa), listed taxa, and exotic/introduced taxa. The taxonomic treatment and designation of introduced species follows Wofford and Kral (1993); listed taxa were taken from the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (1999).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The know vascular flora of HB consists of 550 species representing 108 families and 327 genera. A summary is given in Table 1 and an annotated checklist in Appendix 1.

Table 1. Statistical Summary of the Haynes Bottom Wildlife Management Area Flora.

Group	No. Families	No. Genera	No. Introd. Taxa	No. Native Taxa	Total No. Taxa
Pteridophytes	7	9	-	11	11
Gymnosperms	2	2	1	1	2
Angiosperms: Monocots	15	67	35	98	133
Angiosperms: Dicots	84	249	85	319	404
TOTALS	108	327	121	429	550

Floristic Analyses

Table 2 gives the major families and shows clear dominance by the Asteraceae (composites) and Poaceae (grasses); these two families account for nearly 25 percent of taxa. The families listed in Table 2 amount to 17.6 percent of families but account for 65.5 percent of species. In addition to the families listed in Table 2, there are eight families with five taxa, ten with four, nine with three, 21 with two, and 41 with one.

The major genera (Table 3) are those that include both xeric and wetland species, e.g., Carex (sedges) and Quercus (oaks). The 26 listed genera (8 percent of the genera) account for 153 taxa (27.8 percent of all taxa). In addition, 21 genera have three species each, 53 have two species each, and 228 genera are monotypic. The major woody genera are Quercus (13 taxa), Acer, Carya, and Prunus (4 each), and Ulmus (3). Major woody vine genera are Smilax (4 taxa) and Ampelopsis and Vitis (2 each). The pteridophyte flora is relatively small (11 taxa) and consists of expected species. Only Juniperus virginiana and Pinus taeda are gymnosperms, and the latter is introduced.

Table 2. Major Vascular Plant Families of the Haynes Bottom Wildlife Management Area.

Family	Number of Genera	Number of Species
Asteraceae	37	68
Poaceae	41	68
Fabaceae	16	33
Cyperaceae	4	29
Brassicaceae	15	19
Rosaceae	8	17
Polygonaceae	4	15
Scrophulariaceae	13	15
Fagaceae	2	14
Lamiaceae	11	14
Rubiaceae	5	11
Euphorbiaceae	5	9
Solanaceae	3	8
Apiaceae	7	7
Caryophyllaceae	5	7
Liliaceae	6	7
Ranunculaceae	5	7
Asclepiadaceae	3	6
Onagraceae	4	6

Four taxa are Tennessee-listed; no federally listed taxa were found.

(1) Arabis shortii (Fernald) Gleason, Short’s Rock Cress. This mustard ranges from New York to Virginia, Tennessee, and Alabama, west to Arkansas, Kansas, and Nebraska, north to Minnesota. The typical habitat is rocky woods, stream banks, lake shores, steep wooded slopes, limestone bluffs and cliffs, river flood plains, and shaded bottomlands (Rollins 1993). It is a special concern species in Tennessee. Several plants, regularly flowering and fruiting, grow on the floodplain of the Cumberland River (including U.S. Army Corps of Engineers property).

(2) Phacelia ranunculacea (Nuttall) Constance, Blue Scorpion Weed. This annual species has a tricentric distribution pattern with centers on the Atlantic Coastal Plan of Virginia and Maryland, the piedmont of North Carolina, and along the Mississippi Embayment and adjacent provinces of Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Low, moist woods and floodplains are typical habitats (Chuang and Constance 1977). It is a special concern species in Tennessee. Several plants were observed along the floodplain of the Cumberland River.

(3) Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush, Midwestern/Short-Beaked Arrowhead. This perennial is wide ranging in middle North America from Saskatchewan to Texas. It is a wetland species and often grows in muck or shallow water (Haynes and Hellquist 2000). Threatened in Tennessee, relatively large populations grow around Harrison Slough.

(4) Solidago rupestris Rafinesque, Rock Goldenrod. Cronquist (1980) notes that this species grows from Pennsylvania and Maryland to southern Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. River banks and bluffy woods are typical habitats. It is an endangered species in Tennessee. Specimens were observed along the banks of the Cumberland River, usually bending outward toward the water.

As now known, 121 species (22 percent of the known flora) are not indigenous. This number is slightly higher than the approximately 20 percent of introductions in the Tennessee flora as a whole. The majority of these 12 woody taxa and 115 herbs are from Europe and the Old World (68 species, or 56.2 percent of introduced species). Other origins include Asia/Eurasia (29 species, 24 percent), tropical America (11 species, 9.1 percent), other parts of the United States (11 species, 9.1 percent), India (1 species, <1 percent, and South America (1 species, <1 percent). Families with large numbers of introduced taxa are the Poaceae (25), Fabaceae (14), Asteraceae (14), Brassicaceae (8), Scrophulariaceae (6), Lamiaceae (5), Liliaceae, Polygonaceae, and Rosaceae (4 each), and Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Malvaceae, and Moraceae (3 each). Three families have two introduced taxa and 19 have one.

Table 3. Major Genera of the Haynes Bottom Wildlife Management Area.

Genera	Number of Taxa	Genera	Number of Taxa
Carex	18	Acer	4
Quercus	13	Amaranthus	4
Polygonum	9	Asclepias	4
Cyperus	8	Bromus	4
Desmodium	8	Carya	4
Panicum	8	Commelina	4
Eupatorium	6	Lespedeza	4
Solidago	6	Physalis	4
Aster	5	Plantago	4
Bidens	5	Prunus	4
Eragrostis	5	Rumex	4
Galium	5	Smilax	4
Hypericum	5	Viola	4

Many of the introduction have little effect upon native vegetation. Some, e.g. Iris germanica, (see annotated list for common names), Narcissus spp., and Prunus persica persist from former plantings or appear around old trash dumps. Others (e.g., Abutilon theophrastii, Lactuca saligna, Sisymbrium officinale) are roadside and barnyard weeds of little consequence. Still others are agronomic weeds (e.g., Amaranthus spp., Digitaria spp., Senna obtusifolia), while others are former agricultural crops-mostly pastures/hay (e.g., Kummerowia spp., Phleum pratense, Trifolium pratense). Species of most concern are Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), and Eulalia vimenia (Nepal or Japanese grass). These taxa are highly invasive in woodlands and thickets, mostly to the detriment of native vegetation. Festuca pratensis (tall fescue), planted for hay and pasture, is a common species of open fields. Also significant, but to a lesser extent, are Ligustrum vulgare (privet)-spreading into woodland borders and thickets, and Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass)-a weed of cultivated fields, especially bottomlands.

Plant Communities

1. Upland forests. All forests are secondary and show the results of recent logging. Most are dominated by a young growth of various oaks, hickories, hackberry, maples, and other hardwood species. Invasion by such woody taxa as tree-of-Heaven, empress tree, black locust, and by such exotic herbs and woody vines/shrubs as Japanese grass, Japanese honeysuckle, and privet is commonplace. The bluffy woods adjoining the bottomlands on the east side has the potential of becoming a good habitat for herbaceous flora, but is now over-run by exotics.

2. Upland successional and cultivated fields. These formerly (or presently) cultivated fields add to diversity by supporting innumerable weedy taxa. Fencerows, thickets, old farm ponds, barnyards, pastures, garden sites, lawns, and other remnants of farms and homes, add to species lists, but include mostly expected flora. Exotics contributed heavily to these areas.

3. Low forests. The former bottomland forests are represented a few successional sites that have been historically too wet for tilth but in which high-grading of timber has been on-going. These remnants are dominated by dense stands of black willow and green ash. However, two riparian forests, the Hog Creek site (woodland in the bottomland adjacent to Hog Creek) and the Cumberland River woods (a narrow strip adjacent to the river)are somewhat older and have potential of developing into types perhaps representative of previous bottomland forests of the area. These forests were quantitatively sampled in 1998 and the results presented by Stephens and Chester (1999).

4. Bottomland fields. These alluvial, rich, fields (including low bottoms and terraces) are agriculturally productive and have been in tilth since settlement. Corn, soybeans, wheat, and tobacco have been the major crops. Numerous agronomic weeds contribute to diversity. Several drainage ditches and old fence rows also are floristically rich. This is the area in which dikes, pools, and other management techniques are being used to enhance/provide habitat/food for migratory waterfowl.

5. Wetlands. Several upland and lowland ponds, at least two dating to strip-mining days, provide floristic diversity. The major wetland area is Harrison Slough on the west side of the site. This slough appears to be an old meander channel and apparently is fed by underground springs. It is large enough to support a surrounding strip of wetland habitat ranging from mudflats as water levels drop during autumn to shrub (mostly black willow and buttonbush) thickets. Enhancement of this site would add significantly to the area and preserve the habitat where the state listed short-beaked arrowhead now grows.

Annotated List

The appended annotated list is divided into major categories following Wofford and Kral (1993): Pteridophyta (ferns/fern allies); Gymnosperms (non-flowering seed plants); Angiosperms (flowering plants), divided into Monocotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae. Within each group families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically. Non-native taxa are indicated by an asterisk. Community type(s) where the taxon most often occurs is given next, followed by subjective observations of abundance: abundant (found throughout, often in large numbers); occasional (often present but rarely in large numbers), infrequent (not always encountered in a community type); locally abundant (only occasionally found but then in large numbers); and rare (found fewer than five times in the WMA).

LITERATURE CITED

Baskin, J.M., C.C. Baskin, and E.W. Chester. 1999. The Big Barrens Region of Kentucky and Tennessee. Pp. 190-205 IN: Anderson, R.C., J.S. Fralish, and J.M. Baskin (eds.). Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Baskin, J.M., E.W. Chester, and C.C. Baskin. 1997. Forest vegetation of the Kentucky Karst Plain (Kentucky and Tennessee): review and synthesis. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124:322-335.

24

Braun, E.L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. The Blakiston Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Chuang, T.I., and L. Constance. 1977. Cytogeography of Phacelia rancunculacea (Hydro-phyllaceae). Rhodora 79:115-122.

Chester, E.W., R.J. Jensen, and J. Schibig. 1995. Forest communities of Montgomery and Stewart counties, northwestern Middle Tennessee. J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 70:82-91.

Cronquist, A. 1980. Vascular flora of the Southeastern United States. Volume 1, Asteraceae. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Fenneman, N.M. 1938. Physiography of eastern United States. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Haynes, R.R., and C.B. Hellquist. 2000. Alismataceae. Pp. 7-25 in: Flora of North American Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 22. Oxford University Press, New York.

Rollins, R.C. 1993. The Cruciferae of continental North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

Stephens, S.J., and E W. Chester. 1999. Characterization of two riparian forests of Haynes Bottom, Montgomery County, Tennessee. Pp. 147-156. In: Hamilton, S.W., D.S. White, E.W. Chester, and M.T. Finley (eds.). Proceedings of the eighth symposium on the natural history of lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys. The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee.

Sudworth, G.B. 1897. The forest flora and conditions of Middle and East Tennessee. Pp. 5-19 IN: Sudworth, G.B., and J.B. Killebrew (eds.). The forests of Tennessee: their extent, character, and distribution. Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis Railway, Nashville, Tennessee.

Tennessee Natural Heritage Program. 1999. Tennessee rare plant list. Division of Natural Heritage, Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Nashville.

Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. 2000. Web site: <http://www.state.tn.twra>.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Tennessee. Soil Conservation Service, Washington D.C.

Wofford, B.E., and R. Kral. 1993. Checklist of the vascular plants of Tennessee. Sida, Botanical Miscellany, No.10. Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Inc., Fort Worth.

25

Appendix 1. Annotated Checklist of Vascular Taxa Known from the Haynes Bottom Wildlife Management Area, Montgomery County, Tennessee.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

PTERIDOPHYTA: FERNS AND FERN ALLIES

ASPLENIACEAE, Spleenwort Family

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) BSP., Ebony Spleenwort. Scattered in woodlands throughout [EWC-13387].

AZOLLACEAE, Water-Fern Family

Azolla caroliniana Willd., Mosquito Fern. Old farm ponds on Tobacco Barn Road and Connector Road; locally abundant [EWC-13683].

DRYOPTERIDACEAE, Wood-Fern Family

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott, Christmas Fern. Slope woods, especially on gully banks; probably the most abundant fern [EWC-13629].

EQUISETACEAE, Horsetail Family

Equisetum arvense L., Field Horsetail. Swampy woodlands around seeps in Hog Branch bottomland forest; locally abundant [EWC-13456].

LYCOPODIACEAE, Club-Moss Family

Lycopodium digitatum A. Braun [L. flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanch.], Ground-Pine, Running-Cedar. Dry woods by power lines running north of Cook House; very rare [EWC-13824].

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, Adder's-Tongue Family

Botrychium biternatum (Savigny) Underwood [B. tenuifolium Underwood, B. dissectum Sprengel var. tenuifolium (Underwood) Farwell], Southern Grapefern. Low woods near the Cumberland River; very rare [EWC-13666].

Botrychium dissectum Sprengel [B. obliquum Muhl. ex Willd., B. dissectum Spreng. var. obliquum (Muhl.) Clute], Dissected Grapefern. Slope woods west of Hog Creek; infrequent to rare [EWC-13633].

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz, Rattlesnake Fern. Mesic slope, ravine and riparian forests; infrequent [EWC-13441; EWC-13761].

WOODSIACEAE, Cliff-Fern Family

Athyrium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestrom, Glade Fern. Hog Creek bottomland forest; rare [EWC-13439].

Woodsia obtusa (Sprengel) Torrey, Common Woodsia. Mesic to dry woods, especially bluffy woods west of Hog Creek; infrequent [EWC-13388].

Onoclea sensibilis L., Sensitive Fern. Bottomland forests and wet thickets; rare [EWC-13500].

SPERMATOPHYTA: GYMNOSPERMAE

CUPRESSACEAE, Cedar Family

Juniperus virginiana L., Red Cedar. Old fields, fencerows, bluffs and open forests; throughout, often in large numbers [EWC-13465].

PINACEAE, Pine Family

*Pinus taeda L., Loblolly Pine. Several large "seed trees" just south of the Connector Road are enabling this species to spread into adjacent fields and woodlands [EWC-13783].

Juniperus virginiana L., Red Cedar. Old fields, fencerows, bluffs and open forests; throughout, often in large numbers [EWC-13465].

PINACEAE, Pine Family

*Pinus taeda L., Loblolly Pine. Several large "seed trees" just south of the Connector Road are enabling this species to spread into adjacent fields and woodlands [EWC-13783].

SPERMATOPHYTA: ANGIOSPERMAE-MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

ALISMATACEAE, Water-Plantain Family

Alisma subcordatum Raf., Water-Plaintain. Pond margins, Harrison Slough wetlands, ditches, wet woods along Hog Creek and other wet-swampy areas throughout; frequent [EWC-13427].

Sagittaria brevirostra Mack.& Bush, Short-Beaked Arrowhead. Marshy areas around Harrison Slough, bottomland ditches, wet woods by Hog Branch; locally abundant [EWC-13594].

AMARYLLIDACEAE, Amaryllis Family

Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth, Spider-Lily. Wet woodlands and thickets; rare [EWC-13499].

*Narcissus poeticus L., Poets' Narcissus. Persisting and slightly spreading around homesites and at old dump sites [EWC-13240].

*Narcissus pseudonarcissus L., Buttercup, Daffodil. Persisting and slightly spreading around homesites and at old dump sites [EWC-13239].

ARACEAE, Arum Family

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott, Green Dragon. Mesic forests and thickets; occasional [EWC-13310].

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott, Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Mesic woods and thickets; rather rare [EWC-13546].

COMMELINACEAE, Spiderwort Family

*Commelina communis L., Dayflower. Mesic thickets, fields and old barnlots; locally abundant [EWC-13406].

Commelina diffusa Burm. f., Diffuse Dayflower. Weedy sites, mostly in disturbed soils; rare [EWC-13631].

Commelina erecta L., Erect Dayflower. Roadsides, bottomland thickets and ditch lines; locally abundant [EWC-13354].

Commelina virginica L., Virginia Dayflower. Marshes, low woods and thickets; locally abundant; [EWC-13429].

Tradescantia subaspera KerGawl, Harsh Spiderwort. Riparian forests by the Cumberland River; locally abundant [EWC-13776]

CYPERACEAE, Sedge Family

Carex abscondita Mack., Concealed Sedge. Mesic woods in ravine east of River Road; rare [EWC-13768; ! Dr.Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex amphibola Steud., Ambiguous Sedge. Low wet woods, riparian forests; occasional to rare [EWC-13753].

Carex cephalophora Muhl., Headed Sedge. Old barnlot at Harrison House; rare [EWC-13755 ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex conjuncta Boott., Joined Sedge. Wet woods in Hog Branch riparian forest; rare [EWC-13759; ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex crus-corvi Shuttlw. Crow-Spur Sedge. Low woods along west edge of site; locally abundant [EWC-13519].

Carex frankii Kunth, Frank's Sedge. Marshy soils throughout, often in stands [EWC13325; ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex grayi Carey, Gray's Sedge. Mesic to swampy woodlands and thickets; infrequent [EWC-13342; ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex hirsutella (Bailey) Gleason, Hairy Sedge. Old fields, dry roadsides and thickets; occasional [EWC-13787].

Carex jamesii Schw., James' Sedge. Mesic woods in ravine east of River Road; rare [EWC-13769 ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex leavenworthii Dewey, Leavenworth's Sedge. Old lawns, fields and barnlots; rare [EWC-13747 ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex lupulina Muhl., Hop-Like Sedge. Open wet areas throughout, often in large stands [EWC-13334; ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex muhlenbergii Schkuhr [including var. enervis Boott], Muhlenberg's Sedge. Dry woods and fields; rather rare [EWC-13788].

Carex pensylvanica Lam., Pennsylvania Sedge. Mesic woods in ravine east of River Road; rare [EWC-13770 ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex retroflexa Willd. [including the var. texensis (Torr.) Fern. = C. texensis (Torr.) Bailey], Reflexed Sedge. Dry woods, rocky slopes, fields, old logging roads; frequent [EWC-13748 ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN; EWC-13752; EWC-13754].

Carex shortiana Dewey, Short' Sedge. Dry to mesic fields and thickets; rather rare [EWC-13779; EWC-13806 - both identified by Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex squarrosa L., Spreading Sedge. Wet woods, ditches, marshes; frequent, often in large stands [EWC-13332; ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb., Tribulus-Like Sedge. Marshes and wet woods; frequent and often in large numbers [EWC-13333; ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Carex vulpinoidea Michx., Fox-Tail Sedge. Marshy areas, wet fields, ditches and pond margins; throughout, often in large numbers [EWC-13327, EWC-13331; ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

Cyperus echinatus (L.) Wood [C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr.], Egg-Shaped Sedge. Fields and disturbed sites; occasional [EWC-13371].

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl., Red-Rooted Sedge. Marshes and wet fields; frequent [EWC-13661].

Cyperus esculentus L., Yellow Nut-Grass. A characteristic species of bottomland fields; abundant [EWC-13675].

Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl., Rusty Sedge. Fields, ditches and pond margins; scattered throughout [EWC-13565].

*Cyperus iria L., Iris-Like Sedge. Bottomland fields and upland ditches; locally abundant [EWC-13316; EWC-13592].

Cyperus lancastriensis Porter, Lancaster's Sedge. Fields and disturbed sites; occasional [EWC-13372].

Cyperus squarrosus L. [C. aristatus Rottb.], Aristate Sedge. Open wet sites in bottomlands and flats along the Cumberland River as dewatering occurs in autumn; rare [EWC-13574; EWC-13655].

Cyperus strigosus L., Strigose Sedge. Ditches, pond margins, swampy fields; throughout, [EWC-13438].

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes, Blount Spike-Rush. Pond margins, ditches, marshes and other wet areas; frequent, often in large stands [EWC-13353].

Scirpus atrovirens Willd., Dark-Green Bulrush. Marshy fields, ditches, swamp borders, pond margins and similar sites; frequent, often in large clumps [EWC-13436; EWC-13543].

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth [S. rubricosus Fern.]. Red Bulrush. Marshy sites in bottomland fields and around Harrison Slough; locally abundant [EWC-13573].

DIOSCOREACEAE, Yam Family

*Dioscorea batatas Dcne. [D. oppositifolia L.], Chinese Yam or Cinnamon Vine. Thickets and weedy roadsides; occasional [EWC-13627].

Dioscorea villosa L. [D. quaternata (Walt.) J. F. Gmelin], Wild Yam. Mesic woods, thickets and fencerows; rare [EWC-13651].

IRIDACEAE, Iris Family

*Iris x germanica L., Garden Iris. Persisting and vegetatively spreading around homesites; rare [EWC-13728].

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill., Narrow-Leaf Blue-Eyed Grass. Mesic woods, fields, thickets and roadsides in bottomlands; occasional [EWC-13278; EWC-13756].

JUNCACEAE, Rush Family

Juncus acuminatus Michx., Sharp-Sepaled Rush. Pond margins, drainage ditches, and around Harrison Slough; frequent [EWC-13424; EWC-13804].

Juncus effusus L., Soft Rush. Pond edges, swamps, ditches and other areas with standing water; frequent [EWC-13797].

Juncus tenuis Willd., Path Rush. Homesites, trails, old roads and other disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13798; EWC-13805].

LEMNACEAE, Duckweed Family

Lemna perpusilla Torr. [L. minor L.], Duckweed. Ponds, ditches, Harrison Slough; locally abundant [EWC-13442].

Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd. [W. papulifera Thompson], Water-Meal. Ponds, Harrison Slough; locally abundant [EWC-13441].

LILIACEAE, Lily Family

Allium canadense L., Wild Onion. Mesic fields and meadows, low woods; frequent [EWC-13741; EWC-13780].

*Allium vineale L., Field Garlic. Roadsides, lawns, fields and meadows; weedy [EWC-13293].

Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory, Wild Hyacinth. Bluffy woods east of Hog Branch; rare [EWC-13251].

*Hemerocallis fulva L., Orange Day-Lily. Persisting and vegetatively spreading from old plantings around homesites and old trash dumps [EWC-13811].

*Muscari racemosum L., Racemose Grape-Hyacinth. Fallow bottomland fields in early spring; locally abundant [EWC-13726].

*Ornithogalum umbellatum L., Star-of-Bethlehem. Fallow bottomland fields in early spring; locally abundant [EWC-13722].

Trillium recurvatum Beck, Recurved or Prairie Trillium. Scattered in rich woods; quite rare [EWC-13715].

ORCHIDACEAE, Orchid Family

Spiranthes vernalis Engel, & Gray, Ladies'-Tresses. Old field by pond on River Road; very rare [EWC-13813].

POACEAE, Grass Family

*Agrostis gigantea Roth [A. alba L., A. stolonifera L.], Redtop. Roadsides, fields, disturbed lands; frequent [EWC-13304].

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman, Upland Bent. Mesic to dry woodlands, fields and roadsides; infrequent [EWC-13617].

*Aira elegantossima Schur [A. elegans Willd.], Elegant Hairgrass. Fields and dry roadsides; rare [EWC-13301].

Alopecurus carolinianus Walt., Carolina Foxtail. Fallow bottomlands in early spring; abundant [EWC-13277].

Andropogon gyrans Ashe [A. elliottii Chapman], Elliott's Broom Sedge. Upland weedy fields; generally rare [EWC-13697].

Andropogon virginicus L., Broom Sedge. Old fields, thickets, cut-over woods; abundant and one of the most conspicuous grasses [EWC-13603].

Aristida oligantha Michx., Few-Flowered Needlegrass. Dry fields and eroded lands; infrequent but sometimes conspicuous [EWC-13586].

*Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, Joint-Grass. Mesic to wet fields, thickets and ditches; abundant when found [EWC-13674].

Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., Cane. Thin woods on streambanks and in bottomlands, usually in dense stands; locally abundant [EWC-13591].

Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash., No Common Name. Bottomland fields; locally abundant [EWC-13595].

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv., Short Huskgrass. Wooded slopes; locally abundant but generally rare [EWC-13502].

*Bromus commutatus Schrad., Racemose Brome Grass. Fallow and cultivated fields in spring, especially in bottomlands; common [EWC-13799].

*Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murray, Japanese Brome. Fallow and cultivated fields, roadsides, more upland than the previous species [EWC-13795].

Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. [B. purgans L.], Woodland Brome Grass. Mesic woodlands and thickets; infrequent [EWC-13482].

*Bromus tectorum L., Brome Grass. Roadsides and fields; generally rare [EWC-13800].

Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates [Uniola latifolia Michx.], Wild Oats. Mesic to wet fields and woods; frequent [EWC-13392].

Cinna arundinacea L., Wood Reedgrass. Swampy woods along Hog Branch; occasional [EWC-13457].

*Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Bermuda Grass. A lawn grass spreading vegetatively to roadsides, around old homes, often in both upland and low fields; common [EWC-13812].

*Dactylis glomerata L., Orchard Grass. A forage and hay crop, self-seeding onto roadsides, in fields and disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13318].

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv., Poverty Grass. Dry woods, banks, eroded fields and other dry open areas; occasional [EWC-13781].

Diarrhena americana Beauv., Diarrhena. Shaded river banks and bluffy woods; rare [EWC-13621].

*Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl., Smooth Crab Grass. Cultivated fields and other disturbed sites; frequent, often in dense stands [EWC-13632].

*Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Hairy Crab Grass. Disturbed sites and cultivated fields; throughout, often in dense stands [EWC-13829].

*Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Barnyard Grass. Wet fields, ditches, swamp borders, around ponds; locally abundant [EWC-13317].

*Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link, Japanese Millet. A common species of bottomland fields and weedy sites [EWC-13579].

*Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Goose Grass, Yard Grass. Fields, roadsides, old barnyards and other disturbed soils; locally abundant [EWC-13405].

Elymus virginicus L. Wild Rye. Woodlands and thickets throughout, especially abundant in riparian woods [EWC-13774].

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees, Lace Grass. Dry fields and roadsides; locally abundant [EWC-13282].

*Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Mosher [E. megastachya (Koel.) Link], Stink-Grass. Open wet fields and roadsides; infrequent [EWC-13600].

Eragrostis frankii Meyer, Frank's Love Grass. Dewatered flats by the Cumberland River in autumn; occasional [EWC-13692].

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP., Creeping Love Grass. Dewatered flats by the Cumberland River in autumn; abundant [EWC-13654].

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud., Tumble Grass. Dry upland fields; rather rare [EWC-13820].

Erianthus gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., Giant Beardgrass. Successional fields; infrequent [EWC-13634; EWC-13635].

*Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Ktze. [Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) Cam.], Japanese Grass. Weedy throughout in almost all habitats but most abundant in bottomlands [EWC-13673].

Festuca obtusa Biehler, Obtuse Fescue. Mesic woods throughout, often in dense stands [EWC-13775].

*Festuca pratensis Huds. [F. elatior L.], Tall or Meadow Fescue. Naturalized throughout in fields, meadows, on roadsides and in disturbed soils [EWC-13794].

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc., Manna-Grass. Wet woods, swamps and ditches; scattered throughout [EWC-13486].

Hordeum pusillum Nutt., Little Barley. Fallow bottomlands in early spring (abundant) and upland disturbed sites (rare); [EWC-13276].

Hystrix patula Moench [Elymus hystrix L. in Wofford and Kral (1993)], Bottlebrush Grass. Bluffy woods; infrequent to rare [EWC-13547].

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz, Rice Cutgrass. Marshes, swamps, wet meadows and ditches; frequent and often very abundant [EWC-13580].

Leersia virginica Willd., Virginia Cutgrass. Mesic to wet woods, fields, roadsides and thickets; frequent [EWC-13497].

Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv., Feathergrass. Dewatered sites along banks and flats of the Cumberland River in autumn; rare [EWC-13691].

*Lolium multiflorum Lam., Italian Ryegrass. An introduced and weedy grass of disturbed sites throughout [EWC-13796].

Melica mutica Walter, Melic Grass. Bluffy woods west of Hog Branch; infrequent to rare [EWC-13718].

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald, Leafy Muhly. Eroded banks along the Cumberland River; rare [EWC-13657].

Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel., Nimble-Will. Mesic and disturbed weedy sites throughout; locally abundant [EWC-13664].

Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin., Sprouting Muhly. Bluffy woods; infrequent [EWC-13618].

Panicum acuminatum Swartz var. acuminatum [P. lanuginosum Ell.], Woolly Panic Grass. Old fields and thickets; occasional [EWC-13402; EWC-13789].

Panicum capillare L., Witch-Grass. Fields and thickets, especially in bottomlands; infrequent [EWC-13682].

Panicum clandestinum L., Hidden Panic Grass. Mesic to dry woods, thickets and fields; infrequent [EWC-13326].

Panicum commutatum L., Changeable Panic Grass. Open woods, thickets and fields; occasional [EWC-13389].

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., Forked-Flowered Panic Grass. Bottomland and mesic upland fields; often abundant [EWC-13520].

Panicum dichotomum L., Forking Panic Grass. Dry thin woods, thickets and fields; abundant [EWC-13403].

Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. rigidulum [P. agrostoides Spreng.], Agrostis-Like Panic Grass. Bottomland and mesic upland fields; locally abundant [EWC-13503].

Panicum virgatum L., Switchgrass. Old field off Harris Road west of Hog Creek; abundant in one large stand [EWC-13474].

*Paspalum dilatatum Poir., Dallis-Grass. Moist meadows and fields, especially in bottomlands; locally abundant [EWC-13688].

Paspalum laeve Michx. [including P. circulare Nash], Smooth Knotgrass. Mesic fields, meadows, thickets and disturbed sites; scattered throughout [EWC-13622].

Paspalum repens Berg. [P. fluitans (Ell.) Kunth], Repent Knotgrass. Dewatered flats along the Cumberland River in autumn; occasional [EWC-13656].

*Phleum pratense L., Timothy. Naturalized on roadsides and in other disturbed sites; infrequent [EWC-13802].

*Poa annua L., Low Speargrass, Annual Bluegrass. Fallow bottomlands and disturbed uplands; locally abundant [EWC-13258].

*Poa pratensis L., Kentucky Bluegrass. Roadsides, fields, old lawns, other disturbed sites; frequent, but rarely abundant [EWC-13757].

Poa sylvestris Gray, Woodland Bluegrass. Slope, ravine, and riparian forests throughout; often abundant [EWC-13767; EWC-13777].

*Setaria faberii Herrm., Tall Foxtail. An agronomic weed and also common in successional fields; abundant [EWC-13365].

Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerg. [S. geniculata (Lam.) Beauv.], Bent Bristly Foxtail. Fields and roadsides; frequent, often in large stands [EWC-13359; EWC-13640].

*Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Johnson Grass. A noxious weed, especially in bottomland fields; abundant [EWC-13360].

Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. [Triodia flava (L.) Smyth], Purple-Top. Meadows, fields, roadsides; frequent, often in large numbers [EWC-13452].

*Triticum aestivum L., Common Wheat. Commonly planted and self-seeding in bottomland fields and on roadsides; abundant [EWC-13739].

*Zea mays L., Corn. Commonly planted and sometimes self-seeding on roadsides and in disturbed sites [EWC-13818].

POTAMOGETONACEAE, Pondweed Family

Potamogeton diversifolius Raf., Diverse-Leaved Pondweed. Connector Road Pond behind old tool shed; abundant [EWC-13425].

Potamogeton foliosus Raf., Leafy Pondweed. North pond on River Road; abundant [EWC-13448].

SMILACACEAE, Catbrier Family

Smilax bona-nox L., China-Brier. Mesic thickets and fencerows, mostly in bottomlands; occasional [EWC-13648].

Smilax glauca Walt., Sawbrier. Old fields, thickets and fencerows; infrequent [EWC-13808].

Smilax hispida Muhl. [S. tamnoides L.], Bristly Greenbrier. Low woods, thickets and fencerows; frequent, especially along the Cumberland River [EWC-13652].

Smilax rotundifolia L., Common Greenbrier. Mesic thickets, fencerows and woodlands; frequent [EWC-13589].

TYPHACEAE, Cat-Tail Family

Typha latifolia L., Common Cat-Tail. Swamp margins and bottomland ditches; scattered, usually in large colonies when found [EWC-13582].

SPERMATOPHYTA: ANGIOSPERMAE-DICOTYLEDONAE

ACANTHACEAE, Acanthus Family

Dicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Spreng., Dicliptera. Bottomland woods along Hog Creek and the Cumberland River; locally abundant [EWC-13613].

Ruellia strepens L., Smooth Wild Petunia. Mesic woodlands, fields and thickets; occasional [EWC-13296].

ACERACEAE, Maple Family

Acer negundo L., Box Elder. Moist woods, fields and thickets, especially in bottomlands; frequent [EWC-13481].

Acer rubrum L., Red Maple. Successsional sites, especially in mesic situations; scattered throughout [EWC-13384].

Acer saccharinum L., Silver or Water Maple. A characteristic and often dominant species of bottomland and streambank forests [EWC-13352].

Acer saccharum Marsh., Sugar Maple. General in mesic woodlands and persisting from plantings around homesites [EWC-13396].

AIZOACEAE, Sea-Purslane Family

*Mollugo verticillata L., Carpetweed. Fields and other recently disturbed sites; locally abundant [EWC-13356].

AMARANTHACEAE, Amaranth Family

*Amaranthus hybridus L., Pigweed, Wild Beet. A weed of cultivated ground and waste places; locally abundant [EWC-13540].

*Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson, Palmer's Pigweed. A weed in bottomland soybean fields; infrequent [EWC-13641 ! Dr. Vern McNeilus, TENN].

*Amaranthus spinosus L., Spiny Amaranth. A weed of old barnlots and fields; occasional [EWC-13404].

Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer, Water Hemp. Dewatered flats along the Cumberland River after late-summer drawdown; occasional [EWC-13658; EWC-13694].

ANACARDIACEAE, Cashew Family

Rhus copallina L., Shining or Winged Sumac. A characteristic species of old fields, thickets and fencerows; abundant [EWC-13464].

Rhus glabra L., Smooth Sumac. In the same habitats and often with the previous species; abundant [EWC-13492].

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze [Rhus radicans L.], Poison Ivy. In various habitats from fields to forests and disturbed sites; abundant [not collected].

ANNONACEAE, Custard-Apple Family

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, Pawpaw. A constant and often abundant understory member of mesic woods, especially in Hog Branch and Cumberland River bottomlands [EWC-13386].

APIACEAE, Parsley Family

Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook., Rough Chervil. Low woods, roadsides, thickets, disturbed sites throughout [EWC-13699].

Cicuta maculata L., Water Hemlock. Wet fields and thickets, along bottomland ditches and other open, wet bottomland sites; frequent [EWC-13339].

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC., Honewort. Fields, roadsides and mesic woods; occasional [EWC-13312].

*Daucus carota L., Wild Carrot, Queen Anne's Lace. Upland fields, roadsides, cultural sites; frequent and often abundant [EWC-13286].

Sanicula canadensis L., Canada Black Snakeroot. Mesic to dry woodlands; infrequent [EWC-13391].

Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckl.) Gray, Meadow Parsnip. Riparian woods by Cumberland River; rare [EWC-13760].

Zizia aurea (L.) Koch, Golden Alexanders. Riparian woods by Cumberland River; occasional to rare [EWC-13724].

APOCYNACEAE, Dogbane Family

Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt., Bluestar, Blue Dogbane. Mesic thickets and bluffy woods; occasional [EWC-13264].

Apocynum cannabinum L., Indian Hemp. Roadsides, fields, thickets, other disturbed lands; frequent and often in dense stands [EWC-13383].

AQUIFOLIACEAE, Holly Family

Ilex decidua Walt., Deciduous Holly. Frequent in bottomland woods of Hog Branch and the Cumberland River, rare elsewhere [EWC-13476].

ARALIACEAE, Ginseng Family

Aralia spinosa L., Devil's Walking Stick. A species of dry woods, forest borders, road and trailsides; infrequent to rare [EWC-13601].

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, Birthwort Family

Aristolochia tomentosa Sims, Dutchman's Pipe Vine. A high climbing vine in thickets and woods along or near the Cumberland river; frequent and often abundant [EWC-13279].

Asarum canadense L., Wild Ginger. Rich mesic woods and bluffs, especially along Hog Branch; locally abundant [EWC-13249].

ASCLEPIADACEAE, Milkweed Family

Asclepias incarnata L., Swamp Milkweed. Open wet fields, swamps, marshes and ditches; abundant [EWC-13506].

Asclepias syriaca L., Common Milkweed. Mesic fields and roadsides; often abundant [EWC-13300].

Asclepias tuberosa L., Butterfly Weed. Upland fields and roadsides; frequent and often abundant [EWC-13311].

Asclepias viridiflora Raf., Green Milkweed. Weedy upland fields; rare [EWC-13473].

Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. [Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britton], Honeyvine. Fencerows and thickets; occasional [EWC-13530].

Matelea gonocarpa (Walt.) Shinners [Gonolobus gonocarpos (Walt.) Perry], Climbing Milkweed, Angle-Pod. Bottomland thickets and fencerows; occasional [EWC-13653].

ASTERACEAE, Composite Family

Achillea millefolium L., Common Yarrow. Fields, roadsides and other disturbed sites; infrequent [EWC-13792].

Ambrosia artemesiifolia L., Common Ragweed. Fields, roadsides and thickets; frequent [EWC-13508].

Ambrosia trifida L., Great Ragweed, Buffalo Weed. Bottomland fields and thickets, mesic disturbed sites; locally abundant [EWC-13509].

*Anthemis cotula L., Mayweed. Roadsides, fields, old barnyards; occasional [EWC-13314].

*Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., Common Burdock. Fields and thickets, especially around old homes and barnyards; rare [EWC-13826].

*Artemesia annua L., Wormwood. Fields, thickets and disturbed sites; occasional [EWC-13557].

Aster dumosus L., Bushy Aster. Upland dry fields, woods and roadsides; infrequent [EWC-13475; EWC-13624].

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt., Lateral-Flowered Aster. Bluffy woods west of Hog Branch; rare [EWC-13686].

Aster pilosus Willd., Pilose Aster. Old fields, thickets, dry woods and banks; frequent [EWC-13623].

Aster shortii Lindl., Short's Aster. Bluffy woods west of Hog Branch; occasional [EWC-13685].

Aster simplex Willd., Simple Aster. Low woods and thickets throughout; abundant [EWC-13626].

Bidens bipinnata L., Spanish-Needles. Disturbed sites, roadsides and thickets; infrequent [EWC-13587].

Bidens cernua L., Nodding Sticktights. Mudflats, swampy fields and thickets; occasional, mostly around Harrison Slough [EWC-13659].

Bidens frondosa L. [including B. vulgata Greene], Leafy Sticktights. Marshes, wet fields, woods and thickets; infrequent [EWC-13611; EWC-13660].

Bidens polylepis Blake, Scaled Sticktights. Mesic fields and thickets, especially in bottomlands; locally abundant [EWC-13516].

Bidens tripartita L. [B. comosa (Gray) Wieg.], Three-Parted Sticktights. Dewatered zone along the Cumberland River, swampy fields, pond margins; occasional [EWC-13665].

Boltonia diffusa Ell., Diffuse Boltonia [incl. B. asteroides (L.) L'Her.]. Wet fields, reservoir margins, mudflats, swampy thickets; infrequent [EWC-13507].

*Carduus nutans L., Nodding or Musk Thistle. Roadsides and fields; rare but a potentially troublesome weed [EWC-13313].

*Centaurea cyanus L., Bachelor's-Button, Cornflower. Fallow bottomlands in early spring; locally abundant [EWC-13746].

*Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Oxeye Daisy. Fields and roadsides; abundant [EWC-13287].

Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng., Two-Colored Thistle. Upland fields and roadsides; frequent, sometimes abundant [EWC-13680].

*Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore, Bull or Common Thistle. Upland fields and roadsides; frequent, sometimes abundant [EWC-13496].

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist [Erigeron canadensis L.], Horseweed. Mesic fields, thickets and cultural sites; locally abundant [EWC-13524].

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., Tickseed. Mesic fields, especially in bottomlands; locally abundant [EWC-13377].

*Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., Yerba-De-Tago. Wet thickets and ditches, swampy areas, pond margins; locally abundant [EWC-13445].

Elephantopus carolinianus Willd., Carolina Elephant's Foot. Mesic fields, disturbed and cultural sites; locally abundant [EWC-13461].

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC., Fireweed. Fields and disturbed woodlands; locally abundant [EWC-13539].

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Daisy Fleabane. Fields, roadsides and disturbed sites; abundant [EWC-13320].

Erigeron philadelphicus L., Philadelphia Fleabane. Fields, roadsides, other disturbed sites; frequent, often abundant [EWC-13712].

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd., Daisy Fleabane. Fields and roadsides; abundant [EWC-13290].

Eupatorium coelestinum L., Mist Flower, Wild Ageratum. Mesic fields, ditches, disturbed sites; abundant [EWC-13605, EWC-13537].

Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt, Joe Pye Weed. Mesic fields and thickets; rare [EWC-13538].

Eupatorium hyssopifolium L., Hyssop-Leaved Thoroughwort. Dry fields; locally abundant [EWC-13466].

Eupatorium incarnatum Walt., Flesh-Colored Thoroughwort. Ditches, wet fields and woods; rare [EWC-13604].

Eupatorium rugosum Houtt., White Snakeroot. Low woods, streambanks and ravines; abundant throughout [EWC-13616].

Eupatorium serotinum Michx., Late-Flowering Thoroughwort. Upland and lowland fields throughout; frequent [EWC-13518].

*Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon [G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake], Ciliate Galinsoga. Weedy in some bottomland soybean fields [EWC-13620].

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L., Fall Catfoot. Upland fields and open woods; frequent [EWC-13584].

Gnaphalium purpureum L., Purple Catfoot. Fields, dry woods and thickets; frequent [EWC-13778].

Helenium amarum (Raf.) Rock [H. tenuifolium Nutt.], Slender-Leaved Sneezeweed. Roadsides, homesteads, old barnyards and pastures; locally abundant [EWC-13370].

Helenium autumnale L., Autumnal Sneezeweed. Swampy fields, meadows and thickets; rare [EWC-13570].

*Helianthus annuus L., Common Sunflower. Rarely appearing in bottomlands, apparently spreading from upstream plantings [EWC-13572].

Helianthus maximiliani Schrad., Maximilian's Sunflower. Large stands occur in upland fields on River Road [EWC-13609].

Helianthus tuberosus L., Jerusalem Artichoke. Bottomland fields, especially along drainage ditches; locally abundant [EWC-13571].

*Iva annua L. [I. ciliata Willd.], Marsh Elder. Fields, especially around cultivated bottomlands; frequent and often in dense stands [EWC-13559].

Krigia dandelion (L.) Nutt., Potato Dandelion. Fields, disturbed sites, roadsides; occasional [EWC-13731].

Krigia oppositifolia Raf. [Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Ktze.], Opposite-Leaved Dwarf Dandelion. Fallow bottomlands; locally abundant [EWC-13256, EWC-13284].

Lactuca canadensis L., Canadian Wild Lettuce. Fields, roadsides and open woods; infrequent [EWC-13382].

Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn., Florida Wild Lettuce. Mesic fields and low woods; occasional [EWC-13541].

*Lactuca saligna L., Willow-Leaved Wild Lettuce. Weedy roadsides; rare [EWC-13827].

Polymnia uvedalia. Bear's-foot. Mesic woods and bluffs west of Hog Creek; infrequent [EWC-13458].

Prenanthes altissima L., Tall Rattlesnake Root. Mesic woods, fields and thickets; rare [EWC-13822].

Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC., False Dandelion. Mesic fields, thickets, ditches and roadsides; frequent [EWC-13364].

Rudbeckia hirta L., Black-Eyed Susan. Upland fields and roadsides; abundant [EWC-13367].

Rudbeckia triloba L., Trilobed Black-Eyed Susan. Low fields and thickets; locally abundant [EWC-13471].

Senecio glabellus Poir., Butterweed. Fallow bottomlands, wet fields and meadows; abundant [EWC-13257].

Silphium perfoliatum L., Cup-Leaved Rosinweed. Low woods by Cumberland River; locally abundant [EWC-13625].

Solidago altissima L. [S. canadensis L.], Tall Goldenrod. Upland fields and roadsides; very abundant and weedy [EWC-13608].

Solidago gigantea Ait., Large Goldenrod. Mesic fields, especially in bottomlands; often in large stands [EWC-13567].

Solidago juncea Ait., Stiff Goldenrod. Fields and roadsides; frequent, sometimes plentiful [EWC-13477].

Solidago nemoralis Ait., Woodland Goldenrod. Upland fields and roadbanks; locally abundant [EWC-13614].

Solidago rupestris Raf., Rock Goldenrod. Along banks of the Cumberland River, often sprawling outward toward water; occasional [EWC-13627].

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd., Elm-Leaved Goldenrod. Dry woods and forest borders; occasional [EWC-13615].

*Taraxacum officinale Weber, Common Dandelion. Lawns, fields, roadsides and other disturbed areas; frequent [EWC-13727].

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. [Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC.], Wing-Stem. Bottomland thickets and streambanks; frequent [EWC-13535].

Verbesina virginica L., Tickweed or Frostweed. Low fields, thickets and forest borders; abundant [EWC-13531].

Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel., Tall Ironweed. Mesic fields and thickets; locally abundant [EWC-13517].

*Xanthium strumarium L., Cocklebur. A weedy pest, especially in cultivated bottomlands; abundant [EWC-13510].

BALSAMINACEAE, Touch-Me-Not Family

Impatiens capensis Meerb., Spotted Touch-Me-Not. Creekbanks, wet woods and thickets; locally abundant [EWC-13485].

BERBERIDACEAE, Barberry Family

Podophyllum peltatum L., Mayapple. Ridge and slope forests throughout; often plentiful [EWC-13716].

BETULACEAE, Birch Family

Carpinus caroliniana Walt., Blue Beech. A rather infrequent understory species of mesic forests [EWC-13419].

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, Hop Hornbeam. Understory tree in ridge and slope forests; infrequent [EWC-13764].

BIGNONIACEAE, Bignonia Family

Bignonia capreolata L., Cross-Vine. Mesic woodlands, thickets and fencerows, especially in bottomlands; occasional [EWC-13263].

*Catalpa speciosa (Ward.) Engelm., Catalpa, Cigar-Tree. Mesic thickets and woods along the Cumberland River; rare [EWC-13619].

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Trumpet Creeper. Often weedy in fields, fencerows and thickets, especially in bottomlands; frequent [EWC-13291].

BORAGINACEAE, Borage Family

Cynoglossum virginianum L., Wild Comfrey. Dry to mesic wooded slopes; occasional [EWC-13463].

Hackelia virginiana (L.) Johnston, Stickweed. Wooded slopes and bluffs west of Hog Branch; occasional to rare [EWC-13480].

Myosotis macrosperma Engelm., Large-Seeded Scorpion Grass. Fields, roadsides and other disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13744].

Myosotis verna L., Scorpion Grass. Fields, roadsides and other disturbed sites; often abundant, especially in fallow bottomlands [EWC-13267].

BRASSICACEAE, Mustard Family

*Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Mouse-Ear Cress. Fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; occasional but sometimes abundant, especially in early-spring fallow fields [EWC-13234].

Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir., Smooth Rock Cress. Mesic woodlands, especially around outcrops and bluffs; occasional [EWC-13253; EWC-13723].

Arabis shortii (Fernald) Gleason, Short's Rock Cress. Sandy alluvium in riparian woods by Cumberland River; occasional to rare [EWC-13725].

*Barbarea vulgaris R. Browne, Yellow Rocket, Winter Cress. Mesic fields, meadows and roadsides; occasional [EWC-13713].

*Brassica rapa L., Common Turnip. Old barnlots and roadsides; occasional to rare [EWC-13734].

*Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Shepherd's Purse. Fields, meadows, roadsides and disturbed soils, especially fallow bottomlands; often abundant [EWC-13244].

*Cardamine hirsuta L., Bitter Cress. Lawns, fields, meadows and disturbed soils; frequent, often abundant [EWC-13230].

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl., Pennsylvania Bitter Cress. Bottomlands, often in shallow water of ditches [EWC-13269].

Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC. [C. bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP.], Spring Cress. Springy woods, wet meadows and streambanks; locally abundant, especially around Harrison Slough [EWC-13742].

Dentaria laciniata Muhl.]. Lacinate Toothwort, Crowtoes. Wooded ravines, slopes and bluffs; frequent [EWC-13236].

Draba brachycarpa Nutt., Short-Fruited Whitlow Grass. Roadsides, lawns, fields and disturbed soil; locally abundant [EWC-13235].

*Draba verna L., Whitlow Grass. Same habitats and often with the previous species [EWC-13232].

Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud., Purple Rocket. Low mesic woodlands and footslopes, bottomland thickets; occasional [EWC-13266; EWC-13740].

Lepidium virginicum L., Peppergrass, Poor-Man's Pepper. Fields, roadsides, old barnyards and other disturbed sites; occasional [EWC-13308].

Lesquerella lescurii (Gray) Watson, Nashville Mustard. Fallow bottomlands in early spring; abundant [EWC-13246].

*Nasturtium officinale R. Browne, Water Cress. Known only from Hog Branch in shallow water; rare [EWC-13809].

Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc., Sessile-Flowered Yellow Cress. Wet fields and meadows, dewatered zone along the Cumberland River, around ponds; occasional [EWC-13578; EWC-13729].

Sibara virginica (L.) Rollins, Arabis-Spelled-Backward. Fallow bottomlands; abundant [EWC-13233].

*Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., Hedge Mustard. Thickets, old barnyards, and other disturbed sites; locally abundant [EWC-13319].

CALLITRICHACEAE, Water-Starwort Family

Callitriche deflexa A. Browne, Deflexed Water-Starwort. Clumped on moist soil, especially in bottomlands; occasional [EWC-13730].

CAMPANULACEAE, Bluebell Family

Campanula americana L., American Bellflower. Mesic bluffy woods and thickets; occasional [EWC-13394].

Lobelia cardinalis L., Cardinal Flower. Wet fields, thickets and woods in bottomlands; frequent [EWC-13498].

Lobelia inflata L., Indian Tobacco. Fields, open woods and disturbed sites; occasional [EWC-13447].

Lobelia siphilitica L., Great Blue Lobelia. Mesic to wet fields and thickets; generally rare [EWC-13528].

Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl., Venus' Looking Glass. Mesic fields, roadsides and disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13294].

CAPRIFOLIACEAE, Honeysuckle Family

*Lonicera japonica Thunb., Japanese Honeysuckle. Thickets, fencerows, fields and disturbed sites; a noxious weed throughout [EWC-13390].

Sambucus canadensis L., Elderberry. Mesic thickets, fields, fencerows and disturbed sites; frequent, often in large stands [EWC-13292].

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench, Coralberry, Buckbush. Fields, thickets, disturbed sites; frequent, often in stands [EWC-13521].

Viburnum rufidulum Raf., Rusty Blackhaw. Rocky woods, bluffs and thickets; generally rare [EWC-13607].

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, Pink Family

*Cerastium glomeratum Thuillier [C. viscosum L.], Sticky Mouse-Ear Chickweed. Mat-forming in lawns, fallow fields and disturbed sites; abundant, especially in bottomlands in early spring [EWC-13698].

Cerastium nutans Raf., Nodding Mouse-Ear Chickweed. Fallow bottomlands; infrequent (EWC-13245)

*Dianthus armeria L., Deptford Pink. Dry fields and roadsides; occasional to rare [EWC-13297].

Saponaria officinalis L., Soapwort or Bouncing Bet. Gravelly roadsides in bottomlands; generally rare [EWC-13329].

Silene antirrhina L., Sleepy Catchfly. Fields, roadsides, disturbed areas; frequent [EWC-13801].

Silene virginica L., Fire Pink. Rich woods and thickets west of Hog Branch; infrequent [EWC-13252].

*Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo, Common Chickweed. Disturbed soils throughout, often forming dense mats [EWC-13717].

CELASTRACEAE, Staff-Tree Family

Euonymus americanus L., Strawberry Bush. Mesic woodlands, especially in ravines and on streambanks; rare, heavily browsed by deer [EWC-13821].

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq., Wahoo. Bluffy woods west of Hog Branch; very rare [EWC-12684].

CHENOPODIACEAE, Goosefoot Family

*Chenopodium album L., Lamb's Quarters. Disturbed lands such as old homesites, barnyards and eroded river banks; occasional [EWC-13525].

*Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Mexican Tea. Distrubed areas, especially around old barnlots and on eroded river banks; occasional [EWC-13433].

CISTACEAE, Rockrose Family

Lechea tenuifolia Michx., Narrow-Leaved Pinweed. Eroded upland fields; rare [EWC-13414].

CLUSIACEAE, St. John's-Wort Family

Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & Gray, Nits-and Lice. Sandy roadsides and fields; frequent, often in stands [EWC-13379].

Hypericum frondosum Michx., Leafy St. John's-Wort. Top of river banks along the Cumberland River; very rare [EWC-13670].

Hypericum mutilum L., Slender St. John's-Wort. Marshes, wet meadows, ditches, pond margins; frequent, often weedy [EWC-13423].

Hypericum punctatum Lam., Dotted St. John's-Wort. Roadsides, fields, thickets and disturbed areas throughout; frequent [EWC-13368].

Hypericum stragulum Adams & Robson [Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. multicaule (Michx.) Fernald], Decumbent St. Andrew's Cross. A common species of dry open woods and sandy roadsides and eroded soils [EWC-13415].

CONVOLVULACEAE, Morning-Glory Family

Calstegia sepium (L.) R. Browne [Convolvulus sepium L.], Hedge-Bindweed. Fencerows, thickets, fields; frequent, often in large stands [EWC-13348].

Cuscuta campestris Yuncker, Field Dodder. Fields, meadows and thickets throughout, often in large stands [EWC-13814].

*Ipomoea hederacea L., Ivy-Like Morning-Glory. Fields and thickets, most often in and around areas of cultivation; frequent [EWC-13513].

Ipomoea lacunosa L., White Morning-Glory. Mesic fields and thickets, especially in bottomlands; locally abundant [EWC-13533].

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer, Wild Potato-Vine, Man of the Earth. Mesic fields, roadsides and thickets; frequent, often in large stands [EWC-13544].

CORNACEAE, Dogwood Family

Cornus florida L., Flowering Dogwood. An understory component of some slope and ridge forests, also in fields, thickets and fencerows; occasional [EWC-13735].

CRASSULACEAE, Orpine Family

Sedum pulchellum Michx., Stonecrop. Sandy road shoulders and fields in bottomlands; rare [EWC-13280].

CUCURBITACEAE, Gourd Family

Melothria pendula L., Creeping Cucumber. Thickets and fencerows, especially in moist soil; locally abundant [EWC-13453]

Sicyos angulatus L., Bur Cucumber. Mesic thickets, especially in bottomlands, often covering large areas; frequent [EWC-13575].

EBENACEAE, Ebony Family

Diospyros virginiana L., Common Persimmon. Fields, woodlands, fencerows and shorelines of the Cumberland River; frequent [EWC-13460].

ERICACEAE, Heath Family

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh, Spotted Wintergreen. Upland woods; rare [EWC-13823].

EUPHORBIACEAE, Spurge Family

Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd., Three-Seeded Mercury. Cultivated fields and other disturbed sites; occasional, sometimes in large numbers [EWC-13678].

Acalypha virginica L., Virginia Three-Seeded Mercury. Fields, roadsides, dry woods, and disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13409].

Croton capitatus Michx., Hogwort, Wooly Croton. Sandy roadsides in bottomlands; rare [EWC-13831].

Croton glandulosus L., Sand Croton. Bottomland roadsides and thickets; occasional [EWC-13529].

Croton monanthogynus Michx., Prairie Tea. Fields, roadsides, other disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13376].

Euphorbia dentata Michx., Spurge, Wild Poinsettia. Roadsides and fields; rare [EWC-13583].

Euphorbia maculata L., Eyebane. Fields, cultivated grounds, other disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13514].

Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt., Phyllanthus. Open places in bottomlands, especially around and in cultivated fields; rare [EWC-13569].

Tragia cordata Michx., Cordate-Leaved Tragia. Dry woods; very rare [EWC-13821].

FABACEAE, Legume or Pulse Family

Apios americana Medic., American Potato Bean. Thickets along roadsides and drainage ditches in bottomlands; abundant [EWC-13532].

Cercis canadensis L., Redbud. A characteristic understory species of many slope and forests, often in old fields; occasional [EWC-13758].

Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene [Cassia fasciculata Michx.], Patridge Pea. A weedy species of meadows, fields and roadsides; abundant [EWC-13478].

Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench [Cassia nictitans L.], Wild Sensitive Senna. Mesic roadbanks, fields and meadows; infrequent to rare [EWC-13536].

Desmodium canescens (L.) DC., Hoary Tick Clover. Weedy fields and thickets; occasional [EWC-13550].

Desmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC., Ciliate Tick Clover. Weedy upland fields; occasional [EWC-13469].

Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC., Maryland Tick Clover. Weedy upland fields; occasional [EWC-13637].

Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC., Panicled Tick Clover. Weedy fields and thickets; occasional [EWC-13548].

Desmodium pauciflorum (Nutt.) DC., Few-Flowered Tick Clover. Mesic woodlands above Hog Branch; rare [EWC-13550].

Desmodium perplexum Schub. [D. paniculatum (L.) DC. var. dillenii (Darl.) Isely], Perplexing Tick Clover. Fields, thickets and roadsides throughout; frequent [EWC-13545].

Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & Gray, Sessile-Leaved Tick Clover. Dry upland fields; rare [EWC-13470].

Desmodium viridiflorum (L.) EC., Velvety Tick Clover. Weedy upland fields; occasional [EWC-13638].

Gleditsia triacanthos L., Honey-Locust. Woodlands, fencerows and fields throughout; frequent [EWC-13413].

*Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Soybean. Cultivated and frequently appearing in fields and on roadsides [EWC-13830].

*Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Schind. [Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.], Korean Lespedeza. A former pasture and hay crop now naturalized in fields, old lawns, on roadsides and in other disturbed sites; locally abundant [EWC-13552].

*Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schind. [Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) H. & A.], Japanese Lespedeza. Like the previous species and in the same habitats; locally abundant [EWC-13551].

*Lathyrus hirsutus L., Hairy Sweet Pea. Fallow bottomlands, especially in weedy sites by Harrison Slough; rare [EWC-13345].

*Lespedeza bicolor Turcz., Bicolor Lespedeza. A shrub planted in plantations in fields east of River Road and sometimes spreading; [EWC-13483].

*Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don, Sericea Lespedeza. Spreading from plantings, especially on roadsides; abundant [EWC-13484].

Lespedeza procumbens Michx., Trailing Bush Clover. Dry fields and roadsides; locally abundant [EWC-13467].

Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt., Virginia or Slender Bush Clover. Dry upland fields and open woods; occasional [EWC-13553].

*Medicago lupulina L., Black Medic. Roadsides, fields, other disturbed sites; locally abundant [EWC-13299].

*Melilotus alba Medic., White Sweetclover. Roadsides, fields, meadows, disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13289].

Robinia pseudoacacia L., Black Locust. Fields, fencerows, disturbed woods; locally abundant [EWC-13262].

Senna marilandica (L.) Link [Cassia marilandica L.], Wild Senna. Mesic fields and thickets occasional to rare [EWC-13522].

*Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby [Cassia obtusifolia L.; C. tora L.], Sicklepod. Often weedy in cultivated bottomlands and sometimes in other disturbed sites [EWC-13560].

Strophostyles helvula (L.) Ell., Yellow Wild Bean. Bottomland thickets, especially near the Cumberland River; locally abundant [EWC-13564].

*Trifolium campestre Schreb. [T. procumbens L.], Hop Clover. Fields, roadsides, other disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13298].

*Trifolium pratense L., Red Clover. Fields, roadsides, homesteads, disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13749].

*Trifolium repens L., White Clover. Fields, roadsides, homesteads, disturbed sites; often abundant [EWC-13737].

*Vicia dasycarpa Tenore (V. villosa Roth. ssp. varia (Host) Corbin), Winter Vetch. In field by old Haynes homestead; rare [EWC-13772].

Vicia minutiflora Dietrich, Minute-Flowered Vetch. Riparian woods by Cumberland River; abundant on east end of unit [EWC-13732].

*Vivia sativa L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrend. [V. angustifolia (Bauhin) L.], Narrow-Leaved Vetch. Fields, roadsides, thickets; locally abundant [EWC-13270].

FAGACEAE, Beech Family

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., American Beech. Mesic woodlands, barnlots and roadsides; locally abundant where hollow trees have been left by timber cutters [EWC-13491].

Quercus alba L., White Oak. Slope and ridge forests throughout; probably the most abundant oak species [EWC-13494].

Quercus falcata Michx., Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak. A characteristic species of dry woods, fencerows and fields; abundant [EWC-13411].

Quercus imbricaria Michx., Shingle Oak. Mesic gully banks, bottomland woods; rare [EWC-13606].

Quercus lyrata Walt., Overcup Oak. Fencerows in bottomlands; rare [EWC-13643].

Quercus macrocarpa Michx., Mossycup or Bur Oak. Bottomland woods, especially along Hog Branch and along the Cumberland River; rare [EWC-13449].

Quercus michauxii Nutt., Swamp Chestnut, Basket, or Cow Oak. Fencerows in bottomlands; very rare [EWC-13646].

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm., Chinqapin Oak. Bluffy woods and riverbank forests; frequent [EWC-13350; EWC-13669].

Quercus pagoda Raf. [Q. falcata Michx. var pagodaefolia Ell.], Cherrybark Oak. Low woods, especially in old fencelines; frequent [EWC-13590].

Quercus palustris Muenchh., Pin Oak. Bottomland fencerows and woods along the Cumberland River; occasional [EWC-13645].

Quercus phellos L., Willow Oak. Bottomland fencerow on the western edge of the unit; rare [EWC-13337; EWC-13642].

Quercus shumardii Buckl., Shumard Red Oak. Mostly in bottomland forests, especially in old fencelines; frequent [EWC-13602].

Quercus stellata Wang., Post Oak. Dry ridge and slope forests, fencerows; infrequent [EWC-13369].

Quercus velutina L., Black Oak. Dry ridge and slope woodlands and fencerows throughout; usually abundant [EWC-13380].

FUMARIACEAE, Fumitory Family

Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC., Yellow Corydalis. Ravine and streambank woods, especially along Hog Branch and the Cumberland River; often abundant [EWC-13237].

GENTIANACEAE, Gentian Family

Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh, Rose Pink. Open roadsides and fields; frequent, sometimes abundant [EWC-13416].

GERANIACEAE, Geranium Family

Geranium carolinianum L., Wild Cranesbill. Roadsides, fields and disturbed sites; occasional, sometimes abundant [EWC-13719].

*Geranium dissectum L., Dissected-Leaf Cranesbill. Fallow bottomlands in early spring; rare [EWC-13268].

HAMAMELIDACEAE, Witch-Hazel Family

Liquidambar styraciflua L., Sweetgum. Low woodlands, streambanks, upland fields; frequent [EWC-13417].

HIPPOCASTANACEAE, Buckeye Family

Aesculus glabra Willd., Ohio Buckeye. Lower slope forests along Hog Branch; rare [EWC-13451]

HYDROPHYLLACEAE, Waterleaf Family

Phacelia ranunculacea (Nutt.) Const., Blue Scorpion Weed. Sandy alluvium in riparian woods along the Cumberland River; occasional to rare [EWC-13707].

JUGLANDACEAE, Walnut Family

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch, Bitternut Hickory. Mesic and low woods, especially along the Cumberland River; occasional [EWC-13636].

Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud., Big Shellbark Hickory, Kingnut. Bottomland forests near the Cumberland River; rare [EWC-13676].

Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, Shagbark, Scalybark, or Shellbark Hickory. Slope and low forests, fields, fencerows; frequent [EWC-13493; EWC-13681].

Carya tomentosa Nutt., Mockernut or White-Heart Hickory. Dry woodlands, fencerows and fields; infrequent [EWC-13816].

Juglans nigra L., Black Walnut. Mesic slope, bottomland and ravine forests; frequent. [EWC-13771].

LAMIACEAE, Mint Family

Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze, Giant Hyssop. Mesic thickets, roadsides and along forest borders; rare [EWC-13599].

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth., Hairy Wood-Mint. Mesic woods and thickets; occasional [EWC-13440].

*Glechoma hederacea L., Ground Ivy. Riparian woods along the Cumberland River; infrequent but mat-forming when found [EWC-13738].

*Lamium amplexicaule L., Henbit. Homesites, meadows and roadsides, fallow bottomlands; frequent, often very abundant in early spring [EWC-13243].

*Lamium purpureum L., Dead Nettle. Same habitats and often with the previous species [EWC-13231].

Lycopus americanus Muhl., Water Horehound. Swamp margins, streambanks, ditches, wet meadows and woods; occasional [EWC-13512; EWC-13598].

Lycopus virginicus L., Bugleweed. Wet woods, swampy fields and meadows; locally abundant [EWC-13597].

*Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., Beefsteak Plant. Disturbed woods, thickets and fields; frequent and often in large numbers [EWC-13630].

*Prunella vulgaris L., Heal-All. Fields, meadows, and roadsides; frequent and sometimes abundant [EWC-13455].

Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx., Gray Mountain Mint. Fields, roadsides, forest borders; infrequent [EWC-13817].

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad., Slender Mountain Mint. Old fields and thickets; occasional [EWC-13556].

Salvia lyrata L., Lyre-Leaved Sage. Fields, meadows, old lawns; locally abundant [EWC-13265].

Scutellaria lateriflora L., Mad-Dog Skullcap. Swampy fields, ditches, and pond margins; locally abundant [EWC-13437].

Teucrium canadense L., American Germander. Wet soil of ditches, fields and disturbed sites; often abundant [EWC-13307].

LAURACEAE, Laurel Family

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume, Spicebush. Ravine, lower slope and bottomland forests; frequent and often abundant [EWC-13487].

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Sassafras. Fields, roadsides, fencerows, disturbed forests; abundant [EWC-13462].

LOGANIACEAE, Logania Family

Polypremum procumbens L., Prostrate Polypremum. Old fields and roadsides; very rare [EWC-13561].

Spigelia marilandica L., Indian-Pink. Bluffy woods west of Hog Branch; infrequent [EWC-13762].

LYTHRACEAE, Loosestrife Family

Ammannia coccinea Rothb., Long-Leaved Ammannia. Open wetlands throughout; often abundant [EWC-13426].

Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne, Tooth-Cup. Open wetlands throughout; often in large numbers [EWC-13576].

MAGNOLIACEAE, Magnolia Family

Liriodendron tulipifera L., Tulip Tree or Yellow Poplar. Once an important timber tree of mesic slopes and ravines; also frequently found in successional fields [EWC-13766].

MALVACEAE, Mallow Family

*Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Velvet-Leaf, Buttermold Plant. A weed in bottomland fields and ruderal areas; locally abundant [EWC-13689].

Hibiscus laevis All. [H. militaris Cav.], Halberd-Leaved Rose Mallow. Around Harrison Slough and in bottomland ditches; abundant [EWC-13428].

Hibiscus moscheutos L., Swamp Rose Mallow, Swamp Cotton. Around Harrison Slough and in bottomland ditches; occasional [EWC-13505].

*Hibiscus syriacus L., Rose-of-Sharon. Persisting and spreading around the old Cook homesite; rare [EWC-13398].

*Sida spinosa L., Prickly Sida. Cultivated fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; frequent and sometimes abundant [EWC-13523].

MENISPERMACEAE, Moonseed Family

Calycocarpum lyoni (Pursh) Gray, Cupseed. Alluvial woods along the Cumberland River; rare [EWC-13649].

Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC., Red-Berried Moonseed, Snailseed. Low fencerows, thickets, mesic woodlands; infrequent [EWC-13687].

Menispermum canadense L., Moonseed, Yellow Parilla. Alluvial woods along the Cumberland River; occasional [EWC-13650].

MORACEAE, Mulberry Family

*Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent., Paper Mulberry. Several shrubs and small trees near old dump south of Harrison house [EWC-13785].

*Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid., Osage Orange, Bois D'Arc. Fencerows, thickets, and in woods along the Cumberland River; occasional [EWC-13628].

*Morus alba L., White Mulberry. Persisting at homesites and in bottomland woods along the Cumberland river; frequent [EWC-13349].

Morus rubra L., Red Mulberry. An understory shrub or small tree in mesic woodlands; infrequent [EWC-13366].

NYSSACEAE, Sour-Gum Family

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Black-Gum. Throughout in almost all woodlands and often in fields, fencerows and thickets [EWC-13803].

OLEACEAE, Olive Family

Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir, Swamp-Privet. Banks of the Cumberland River near east property line; very rare [EWC-13671].

Fraxinus americana L., American or White Ash. Mesic woodlands, fields and fencerows; frequent [EWC-13418].

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., Green Ash. Streambank and bottomland forests and fencerows [EWC-13338; EWC-13647].

*Ligustrum vulgare L. [L. sinense Lour.], Privet. Persisting and sometimes spreading around homesites, especially in fencerows; occasional [EWC-13401].

ONAGRACEAE, Evening Primrose Family

Epilobium coloratum Biehler, Willow-Herb. Weedy bottomland fields; occasional [EWC-13588].

Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. [Lugwigia decurrens Walt.], Decurrent Primrose-Willow. Wet fields, marshes, pond margins; frequent [EWC-13593].

Ludwigia alternifolia L., Seedbox. Wet fields, ditches, pond margins and swampy thickets; frequent, sometimes in large stands [EWC-13446].

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott, Marsh Purslane. In mud around ponds, swamps and marshes; locally abundant [EWC-13568].

Ludwigia peploides (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Raven ssp. glabrescens (Kuntze) Raven [Jussiaea repens L. var. glabrescens Kuntze]. Some ponds, Harrison Slough, bottomland ditches; often abundant [EWC-13422]

Oenothera biennis L., Biennal Evening Primrose. Fields, roadsides, open woods, other disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13479].

Oenothera laciniata Hill, Ragged Evening Primrose. Fields and other disturbed sites; locally abundant [EWC-13362].

OXALIDACEAE, Wood-Sorrel Family

Oxalis stricta L., Yellow Wood Sorrel. Fields, meadows, old lawns, disturbed sites; abundant [EWC-13639].

Oxalis violacea L., Violet Wood Sorrel. Dry woods and thickets; rare [EWC-13714].

PASSIFLORACEAE, Passion-Flower Family

Passiflora incarnata L., Passion-Flower, Maypops. Thickets, fencerows and fields; frequent and often abundant [EWC-13344].

PHYTOLACCACEAE, Pokeweed Family

Phytolacca americana L., Pokeweed. Roadsides, fields, fencerows, disturbed woodlands; occasional and sometimes abundant [EWC-13361].

PLANTAGINACEAE, Plantain Family

Plantago aristata Michx., Bracted Plantain. Fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; often abundant [EWC-13378].

*Plantago lanceolata L., Buckhorn, Lance-Leaved Plantain. Old lawns, fields and disturbed sites; often abundant [EWC-13793].

Plantago rugelii Dcne., Rugel's Plantain. Mesic fields, old barnlots, roadsides and other disturbed sites; often abundant [EWC-13444].

Plantago virginica L., Virginia or Hoary Plantain. Fields, especially fallow bottomlands, disturbed open lands; occasional [EWC-13736].

PLATANACEAE, Plane-Tree Family

Platanus occidentalis L., Sycamore. General along streams, around ponds and in moist to wet woodlands and fields; frequent [EWC-13773].

POLEMONIACEAE, Phlox Family

Phlox divaricata L., Blue or Common Phlox. Alluvial and lower-slope woods; frequent, sometimes in large stands [EWC-13248].

Phlox paniculata L., Fall or Garden Phlox. Low fields and thickets and riverside forests; rare [EWC-13488].

POLYGONACEAE, Buckwheat Family

Brunnichia cirrhosa Gaertn., Ladies' Eardrops. Thickets along the Cumberland River; rare [EWC-13566].

Polygonum amphibium L., Scarlet Smartweed. Bottomland ditches and around Harrison Slough; locally abundant [EWC-13435].

*Polygonum cespitosum Blume var. longisetum (DeBry.) Stewart, Bristled Smartweed. Mesic or wet fields, ditches, thickets and woodlands; abundant [EWC-13407].

Polygonum erectum L., Erect Knotweed. Mesic disturbed sites, especially in bottomlands; occasional [EWC-13662].

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx., Mild Water Pepper. Swamps, marshes, wet woods and fields, often in shallow water; abundant [EWC-13504].

Polygonum lapathifolium L., Dock-Leaved Smartweed. Mesic fields, roadsides and disturbed sites, mostly in bottomlands; infrequent [EWC-13526].

Polygonum pensylvanicum L., Pinkweed. Mesic fields and thickets, ditches and shorelines; occasional [EWC-13511].

*Polygonum persicaria L., Lady's Thumb. Fields, roadsides, mesic disturbed sites such as old barnlots; occasional [EWC-13408].

Polygonum punctatum Ell., Water Smartweed. Wet fields, woods, swamps and marshes, roadside ditches; frequent [EWC-13495].

Polygonum scandens L., Climbing False Buckwheat. Old fencerows, thickets, disturbed sites, most often in mesic places; locally abundant [EWC-13577].

*Rumex acetosella L., Sheep Sorrel. Fields, meadows, and disturbed open sites; often abundant and weedy [EWC-13288].

Rumex altissima Wood, Pale Dock. Upland ditches such as at the old barnlot on Tobacco Barn Road, and lowland swampy sites; rare [EWC-13322].

*Rumex crispus L., Curly or Yellow Dock. Fields, meadows, other disturbed sites; frequent, often weedy [EWC-13321].

Rumex verticillatus L., Swamp Dock. Around Harrison Slough, often in shallow water; rare [EWC-13341].

Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf., Jumpseed. Mesic slope and ravine woodlands; frequent [EWC-13468].

PORTULACACEAE, Purslane Family

Claytonia virginica L., Spring Beauty. Mesic woodlands and thickets, especially along Hog Branch and the river; locally abundant [EWC-13238].

PRIMULACEAE, Primrose Family

Lysimachia ciliata L., Fringed Loosestrife. Thickets around Harrison Slough; occasional; [EWC-13335].

*Lysimachia nummularia L., Moneywort. Wet woods and ditches; generally rare but sometimes forming an extensive ground-cover [EWC-13459].

Samolus parviflorus Raf., Brookweed, Water Pimpernel. Seeps in bottomland forests along Hog Creek; rare [EWC-13610].

RANUNCULACEAE, Crowfoot Family

Clematis virginiana L., Virgin's Bower. Thickets and weedy fields, especially in low ground; occasional [EWC-13555].

Delphinium tricorne Michx., Dwarf Larkspur. Bluff woods east of Hog Branch; rather rare [EWC-13255].

Myosurus minimus L., Mousetail. Fallow bottomlands in early spring; locally abundant [EWC-13721].

Ranunculus abortivus L., Small-Flowered Crowfoot. Idle fields, especially bottomlands, and disturbed sites; locally abundant [EWC-13242].

Ranunculus carolinianus DC., Carolina Buttercup. Swampy woods on west end of property at drain from Harrison Slough; locally abundant [EWC-13743].

*Ranunculus sardous Crantz, European Crowfoot. Mesic or wet fields, meadows, ditches; locally abundant, especially in bottomlands [EWC-13261].

Thalictrum revolutum DC., Waxy Meadow-Rue. Thickets at footslopes of bluffy woods; rare [EWC-13395].

RHAMNACEAE, Buckthorn Family

Rhamnus caroliniana Walt., Carolina Buckthorn, Indian Cherry. Mesic woodlands and thickets; rare [EWC-13782].

ROSACEAE, Rose Family

Agrimonia parviflora Ait., Small-Flowered Harvest Lice. Low thickets, weedy fields and woods; occasional to rare [EWC-13542].

Agrimonia pubescens Wallr., Hairy Harvest Lice. Mesic woodlands and thickets; occasional to rare [EWC-13549].

Crataegus viridis L., Green Haw. Low woods near the Cumberland River and upland thickets; rare [EWC-13677].

*Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke, Indian Strawberry. On alluvium in riparian woods by the Cumberland River, occasional, locally abundant [EWC-13705].

Geum canadense Jacq., Canada or White Avens. Mesic fields, thickets and woods; frequent [EWC-13328].

Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray, Vernal Avens. Mesic fields, thickets and weedy disturbed sites; infrequent [EWC-13254].

*Potentilla recta L., Upright Five-Finger. Weedy fields and roadsides; occasional to rare [EWC-13784].

Potentilla simplex Michx., Old-Field Cinquefoil. Fields, thickets and weedy disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13745].

Prunus americana Marsh., American Plum. Small tree in mesic woodlands; rare [EWC-13700; EWC-13810].

Prunus angustifolia Marsh., Chickasaw Plum. Forming dense thickets in some fields, fence rows; occasional [EWC-13400; EWC-13700].

*Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Common Peach. Roadside waif on lower River Road; very rare [EWC-13363].

Prunus serotina Ehrh., Wild Black Cherry. A constant member of mesic to dry slope forests and in fencerows and fields; frequent [EWC-13397].

*Rosa multiflora Thunb., Multiflora Rose. Widely spreading from old plantings; a locally abundant and often noxious weed in fields, thickets and fencerows [EWC-13751].

Rosa setigera Michx., Prairie Rose. Fields, thickets and roadsides; frequent and often abundant [EWC-13285].

Rubus argutus L., Common Blackberry. Fields and roadsides, often forming dense stands; frequent [EWC-13430].

Rubus flagellaris Willd., Dewberry. Fields, roadbanks and open disturbed woods; occasional to rare [EWC-13733].

Rubus occidentalis L., Black Raspberry. Spreading in fields, thickets, and cut-over woods; generally rare [EWC-13765].

RUBIACEAE, Madder Family

Cephalanthus occidentalis L., Buttonbush. Swampy thickets, especially around Harrison Slough, often in dense stands [EWC-13336].

Diodia teres L., Poor-Joe, Buttonweed. Dry fields, old pastures, disturbed sites; locally abundant [EWC-13373].

Diodia virginiana L., Virginia Buttonweed. Wet fields, meadows, ditches; locally abundant [EWC-13358].

Galium aparine L., Cleavers, Bedstraw. Fields, thickets, and disturbed sites throughout; weedy [EWC-13720].

Galium circaezans Michx., Wild Licorice. Mesic to dry woods; infrequent [EWC-13819].

*Galium pedemontanum Ell., Piedmont Bedstraw. Barnyard weed; locally abundant [EWC-13346].

Galium pilosum Ait., Hairy Bedstraw. Fields and cut-over woods; locally abundant [EWC-13472].

Galium tinctorium L., Swamp Bedstraw. Marshes, swampy fields and thickets, pond margins; locally abundant [EWC13324, EWC-13330].

Houstonia purpurea L., Purple Bluets. Dry woodlands, roadbanks, disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13303].

Houstonia pusilla Schoepf [H. patens Ell.], Small Bluets. Fields, meadows, lawns, and roadsides, frequent in early spring [EWC-13702].

Spermacoce glabra Michx., Buttonweed. Wet meadows, fields, swampy places; occasional [EWC-13663].

RUTACEAE, Rue Family

Ptelea trifoliata L., Wafer-Ash. Frequent in bluffy woods west of Hog Branch [EWC-13295].

SALICACEAE, Willow Family

Populus deltoides Bartr., Cottonweed. Bottomland forests and ditches, sometimes in mesic upland fields; frequent [EWC-13351].

Salix nigra Marsh., Black Willow. Pond margins and low woods throughout; frequent [EWC-13432].

SAPINDACEAE, Soapberry Family

*Cardiospermum halicacabum L., Balloon Vine. Mesic thickets, mostly in bottomlands; frequent and sometimes weedy [EWC-13515].

SAPOTACEAE, Sapodilla Family

Bumelia lycioides (L.) Gaertn., Southern Buckthorn. Slope woods; very rare [EWC-13786].

SAURURACEAE, Lizard's-Tail Family

Saururus cernuus L., Lizard's-Tail. Marshes, swamps, bottomland woods and thickets; locally abundant [EWC-13340].

SAXIFRAGACEAE, Saxifrage Family

Penthorum sedoides L., Ditch Stonecrop. Swamps, wet fields, pond margins, ditches; occasional [EWC-13534].

Philadelphus pubescens Loisel., Hairy Mock-Orange. Shrub in bluffy woods west of Hog Branch; rare [EWC-13283].

SCROPHULARIACEAE, Figwort Family

Agalinis fasciculata Ell. [Gerardia fasciculata Ell.] Fascicled Foxglove. Weedy upland fields; generally rare [EWC-13585].

Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst., Round-Leaved Water-Hyssop. Ponds and ditches; locally abundant [EWC-13421].

Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. [Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt.], Clefted Conobea. Dewatered river banks in autumn, pond margins, wet sites in bottomlands; locally abundant [EWC-13562].

Dasytoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. [Seymeria macrophylla Nutt.], Mullein-Foxglove. Scattered in bluffy woods and riparian forest by Cumberland River; infrequent [EWC-13393].

Gratiola neglecta Torr., Hedge-Hyssop. Pond margins, wet fields, ditches; locally abundant [EWC-13315].

Lindernia dubia (L.) Penn. [L. anagallidea (Michx.) Penn.], False Pimpernell. Dewatered river banks in autumn, pond margins, wet fields and ditches; frequent, often in large numbers [EWC-13355].

*Mazus pumilis (Burm.f.) Stennis, Japanese Mazus. Dewatered flats along the Cumberland River in autumn; very rare [EWC-13693].

Mimulus alatus Ait., Winged Monkey Flower. Marshes, wet meadows, bottomland ditches and low woods; infrequent [EWC-13434].

*Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., Princess or Empress Tree. Spreading into woodlands and on roadsides; occcasional [EWC-13750].

Penstemon calycosus Small, Large-Calyxed Beard-Tongue. Mesic bluffy woods, meadows and roadsides; infrequent [EWC-13281].

Scrophularia marilandica L., Carpenter's-Square. Mesic to wet woods and thickets, bluffy woods; infrequent [EWC-13501].

*Verbascum blattaria L., Moth-Mullein. Fields and roadsides; frequent [EWC-13374].

*Verbascum thapsus L., Common Mullein. Fields and roadsides; frequent [EWC-13375].

*Veronica arvensis L., Common Speedwell. Open fields and roadsides; abundant throughout, especially in bottomlands [EWC-13260].

*Veronica peregrina L., Neckweed. Fallow bottomland fields; Frequent but not abundant [EWC-13259].

SIMAROUBACEAE, Quassia Family

*Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Tree-of-Heaven. Adventive in cut-over woodlands and fields; often weedy [EWC-13763].

SOLANACEAE, Nightshade Family

*Datura stramonium L., Jimsonweed. Edges of cultivated fields, cultural sites, open disturbed areas such as eroded river banks; occasional to rare [EWC-13679].

Physalis angulata L., Angled Ground Cherry. Cultivated fields, especially bottomlands, and disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13596].

Physalis heterophylla Nees, Variable-Leaved Ground Cherry. Weedy fields, especially in bottomlands; infrequent [EWC-13527].

Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Cronquist [P. subglabrata Mack. & Bush; P. virginiana var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Waterfall], Glabrous Ground Cherry. Fields, roadsides and other open disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13420].

Physalis pubescens L., Pubescent Ground Cherry. Dewatered flats along the Cumberland River in autumn; occasional [EWC-13690].

Solanum carolinense L., Horse-Nettle. Fields, meadows and other such disturbed sites; frequent, often in large numbers [EWC-13381].

Solanum ptycanthum Dunal [S. americanum Mill., S. nigrum L.], American Nightshade. Fields and other open disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13357].

*Solanum rostratum Dunal, Buffalo-Bur. Gravelly roadsides and parking lot at the former Cook house; rare [EWC-13454].

TILIACEAE, Linden Family

Tilia heterophylla Vent, White Basswood. Banks of the Cumberland River; very rare [EWC-13668].

ULMACEAE, Elm Family

Celtis laevigata Willd., Sugarberry. Low woodlands, fencerows, fields, cultural sites; frequent [EWC-13412].

Celtis occidentalis L., Hackberry. Mostly in alluvium along the Cumberland river; infrequent [EWC-13347].

Ulmus alata Michx., Winged Elm. Dry woods, old fields, fencerows and roadsides; abundant [EWC-13410].

Ulmus americana L., American Elm. Fencerows in bottomlands; generally rare [EWC-13563].

Ulmus rubra Muhl., Red or Slippery Elm. Mesic woodlands, especially in bottomlands, also in fencerows and fields; frequent [EWC-13385].

URTICACEAE, Nettle Family

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw., False Nettle, Bog-Hemp. Swamps, wet fields and woods; frequent [EWC-13490].

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd., Wood-Nettle. Wet woods and thickets, especially in the Hog Creek bottomlands; locally abundant [EWC-13489].

Pilea pumila (L.) Gray, Clearweed. Mesic to wet woods, epecially in the Hog Creek area; occasional [EWC-13612].

Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh, Stinging Nettle. Alluvial woods, mostly along Hog Creek and the Cumberland River; occasional [EWC-13695].

VALERIANACEAE, Valerian Family

Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr., Corn-Salad. Fields, roadsides, thickets; very abundant in fallow bottomland fields [EWC-13706].

VERBENACEAE, Vervain Family

Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene [Lippa lanceolata Michx.] , Fog-Fruit. Wet fields, bottomland ditches, pond margins; locally abundant [EWC-13431].

*Verbena brasiliensis Vellozo, Brazilian Vervain. Upland fields throughout; often in large stands [EWC-13306, EWC-13399].

Verbena simplex Lehm., Narrow-Leaved Vervain. Road shoulders, fields and disturbed sites; frequent [EWC-13309].

Verbena urticifolia L., White Vervain. Mesic thickets, fields and woodlands; frequent [EWC-13343].

VIOLACEAE, Violet Family

Viola priceana Pollard, Confederate Violet. Riparian forest along the Cumberland River; rare [EWC-13704].

Viola pubescens Ait. var. eriocarpa (Schwein.) Russell [V. pensylvanica Michx., V. eriocarpa Schwein.], Yellow Violet. Rich slope and ravine forests; locally abundant, especially along Hog Branch [EWC-13250].

*Viola rafinesquii Greene, Field Pansy. Lawns, meadows, roadbanks and other open disturbed sites; frequent, often in large numbers [EWC-13241].

Viola sororia Willd. [V. papilionacea Pursh], Meadow Violet. Low woods, meadows, old lawns, fields; frequent, often abundant [EWC-13701].

VISCACEAE, Mistletoe Family

Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnson [P. flavescens (Pursh) Nuttall], Mistletoe. Epiphytic on various hardwood species, most often in low woods; occasional [observed but not collected].

VITACEAE, Grape Family

*Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne, Peppervine. Persisting from cultivation around the former Cook house [EWC-13554].

Ampelopsis cordata Michx., Heart-Leaf Ampelopsis. Mesic fencerows and thickets, especially in bottomlands; locally abundant [EWC-13581].

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., Virginia Creeper. Woodlands, fencerows, thickets and disturbed sites throughout; abundant [EWC-13672].

Vitis aestivalis Michx., Summer Grape. Dry, upland woods and thickets; rather rare [EWC-13815].

Vitis vulpina L., Frost Grape. Mesic woods, fencerows and thickets, especially in bottomlands; frequent, forming thickets or high-climbing [EWC-13644].